Technolgy in The Kalinagos,Taino and Mayan Cultures :: essays research papers

Technology Taino Taino had very simple life styles but they had some technological advances. Some examples atomic number 18 Hut building, Fishing and Pottery. Hut building there were larger huts built with a center pole, which gave extra support to the roof. It was considered important for resisting heavy gales. It had no windows and doors. woody posts were placed firmly in the ground to form a circle about five paces apart and laced together with springy branches and crap. Transverse beams were trussed on top of the posts, and a pole placed in the center of the structure. The center pole and the transverse beams were then connected with thin poles, and these were covered with grass or palm leaves to form a conical roof. Fishing- Arawaks used nets, lines with hooks, a bone or turtle shell and harpoons to capture fish. In Cuba artificial pools were created to slip by excess fish until they were needed .The Arawaks used the sucking fish (Remora). Pottery- this was made from the local red, brown and gray clays. Pots were not glazed but decorated with markings dissimilar for each village. They were made in shapes of frogs, birds or heads with wide eyes and large ears for handles. Basketwork cylinders These were made to extract the poisonous juice of cassava. Cassava was the Arawaks main food, they made cassava cakes, pepperpot with cassava and a sauce called cassareep.Kalinago They painted their bodies to protect against the heat and insect bites made from vegetable dye and oil. Fishing arrows and Spears were tipped with shell and bone and contest arrows were tipped with fire and poison. Boat Building- Caribs canoes might have been up to 6 metres long. It was made out of tree trunks. The trunk was charred then hollowed with stone axes and left to season, afterward which it was buried in moist sand. Bars were placed across the opening to the force out the sides and it was left in place until wood had dried and hardened . thence triangular boards were wedged at the bow and stern so that the water could not enter the boat, and the sides were raised by fastening sticks bound with fibres and coated with mussitate to the upper edges.

Crime in America Essay -- essays research papers

word of honor (early release from prison) is often referred to as the back door to the US corrections system. The concept of parole dates back to the establishment of the Elmira Reformatory. The goal of the Elmira Reformatory was to rehabilitate and reform the criminal instead of following the traditional method of silence, obedience, and labor. Parole was originally set up to encourage prisoners to do well, keep their noses clean, and become model prisoners. Once a prisoner had shown rehabilitation and reform they were released prior to the feat of their full sentence. Before a prisoner can be released on parole he/she must meet before a parole board. individually prison with a parole system is set up with one of two types of parole services. proceeds one is the self-sufficing model. Like its name says it is independent, independent from any other state agency. Meaning that its parole officers do not work for the corrections system. This enables them to be more bias and fair w ith their decisions. Service two is the consolidated model. This model is ran by the corrections system and is under the direction of the commissioner of corrections. The consolidated model does not give its members the ability to be bias. They consent to bite their tongues in some instances as to not ruffle the feathers of those appointed over them. No matter which model is in place if not utilize correctly it is a failure. In most states the members of the parole board are appointed by the governor and serve a term of...

Reforestation :: essays research papers

ReforestationThe purpose of this written report is to inform the reader about the concernsand facts involved with reforestation. Reforestation began in Ontario afterWorld fight II. What happened was, professional foresters were assigned to anarea and became responsible for its well being. Under the Crown Timber Act,long term management was prepared. Then the many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) steps undeniable to rebuild aforest began. Included in this report will be information on the effects ofcutting and replanting, such as deoxycytidine monophosphate Dioxide, and Global Warming. Followingthis will be methods for planning a forest, and how they are conveyed beforeplanting in a forest begins.There are many reasons why forests are cut down. One is to benefit economic in ally,with furniture and home building. But there is also another reason. Argumentssay "the United States could help decompress the atmospheric accumulation of carbondioxide by replacing old-growth forests wi th faster-growing young trees". A newstudy of young and old forests says how this is in fact not true. Loggers take upsaid that new trees pull the carbon dioxide better than old trees, and this mayseem true, but it is not. There is one point being overlooked from all of this.The older, larger trees can store much, much more carbon dioxide than a new treecould. By cutting and burning these magnificent seasoned trees, the carbonic acid gas isbeing released back into the atmosphere. These releases of carbon dioxide addup in our surroundings, only to intensify Global Warming. Although this showswhat happens when one burns and cuts down old forests, one must still plant newtrees for long term plans, not letting them grow for a few years, to then cutthem down.There are many methods for planning a forest. The simplest method of replantinga forest is to leave it to nature. A suitable seed bed in which trees willreadily take line is integral for successful regeneration. Reducing compe titionby eliminating grass, weed or shrubs is another requirement in securing a newcrop of trees. These will flash to produce seedlings. Though the weeds wereeliminated before, they still grow back, and because of this poor, quality treeswill grow. Another method though, is to create a planned forest, where newconifers are swelled from seed in a special nursery. Seeding is a reforestationtechnique used mainly in the Boreal forest area where fire or logging tends toleave no or very little seeds for growth. In specific cases, Ministry staffseed the area with treated tree seeds. Following this is the planting. In many

The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Religion :: Theology Religion Philosphy Research

The Role of Tacit Knowledge in ReligionABSTRACT Clarity concerning what kind of knowledge a apparitional person possesses is of the utmost importance. For one thing, J. Whittaker remarks that believers must have some knowledge that enables them to make the distinction between literal and non-literal descriptions of God. (1) In the believers perception God is a rock, simply not really a rock. God however really is love. Whittaker suggests that making this distinction requires knowledge that cannot be metaphysical or experiential, but a more than basic form which he terms practical knowledge. With pop out going into his discussion of the metaphysical and experiential view, I would like to elaborate on this notion of knowledge in three steps. Firstly, I want to consider a short passage in Kants followup of Pure Reason (A 132-3 / B 171-2) on judgment. This passage points out that we necessarily know more than we can say or state. Secondly, Michael Polanyis account of tacit knowledge will be introduced to see what religious tacit knowledge could mean to be. Thirdly, digest of a text from Meister Eckharts Reden der Unterweisung will aim to show the relevance of this notion of practical (or tacit) knowledge in religious contexts. 1. Kant on judgment in the Critique of Pure ReasonWith the expression practical knowledge no reduction of all forms of knowledge to the world of the tactile is intended. It does, however, commit us to the view that knowledge can never be purely notional. There is in the acquisition of knowledge an element which Gilbert Ryle has termed knowing how. Calculating can be a merely mental act (as in mental arithmetic), but that doesnt take a route the fact that one has to know how to calculate. It is in this sense of art that the word practical has to be understood.Western philosophy seems to be marked - from its early beginning - by a certain intellectualism. Intellectualism is the conviction that wants to install a strong distinction between knowledge and abilities, between possibleness and practice. The theoretical knowledge-act is characterised as a purely mental event, as a kind of contemplation, while any form of practice or ability is seen as an application of previously acquired theoretical knowledge. The distinction values theory over practice because, in this view, practice depends on theory and not the other way round.In his Critique of Pure Reason Kant dedicates a text to judgment entitled Of the transcendental faculty of judgment in general (Von der Transzendentalen Urteilskraft berhaupt A 132-3 / B 171-2).

The Music Lessons Essay -- essays research papers

In the play The Music Lessons by Wakako Yamauchi two of the maincharacters are in engaged in a dialogue which is leafy vegetable for a mother and a daughter tohave. In act two, scene four, Chizuko and Aki seem to express frustration to each otherafter Aki coming inhabitancy late after a music lesson with Kaoru. Chizuko knows something is very wrong for her young daughter spending somuch time with a grown man, causes her to be so upset with Aki CHIZUKO I meanother people How do you think it looks you all the time in a mans elbow room? (2,4). For amother, trying to get through to her daughter is a very frustrating task. Its hard forChizuko to show Aki that all her frustration is in the ruff interest for her CHIZUKO Ihave lots to worry about. I got to see you have enough to eat, give you an education, seeyoure dressed decent-so people wint say, Those kids dont have a father. See yourenot left with debts, like what happened to me. See you dont make a mess (of) ... (2,4). Chizuko is trying to protect her young daughter, she is afraid that Aki is going to get hurtif she pours all her emotions towards this grown man, by Aki not understanding thisChizuko becomes angry CHIZUKO I know you dont care ... right now. Im justsaying you shouldnt let your emotions run away with you (2,4). Chizuko feels that Akishould be spending time with kids her age CHIZUKO If you want a friend to talk to,find someone your age who can understand you...

Health care cost Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Health C be Costs Analysis Healthcare is expensive and Americans inadequacy the best possible healthcare they can get. Consumers are demanding more tests, better drugs and insurance coverage. Americans desire a high quality of life and insurers/employers are exhausting to provide the means, but cost effectively and without height costs. In order to do this, consumers will have to make more decisions, pay more and by chance demand greater value (Barr, Paul).The common forces operate utilization and costs are medical technology advancement, demanding consumers, and an aging population (Barr). Advancements can be seen all over the medical field in areas much(prenominal) as MRIs, new cardiology procedures, highly specialized drugs, cancer treatments, and new laboratory procedures. Consumers are savvy and fare their options. There is advertising from pharmaceutical companies and medical technology corporations promoting their drugs and products nationally via the Internet, magaz ine and television ads. The aging population is also living longstanding.This population is living longer due to technological advances and insurance coverage. A capacious portion of this coverage provided is by Medicare. Generations have paid into and depended upon this source of funding for years. It is projected that Medicare will be exhausted within the next 14 years. soon Medicare is the biggest single p... Health care cost Analysis Essay -- essays research papers Health Care Costs Analysis Healthcare is expensive and Americans want the best possible healthcare they can get. Consumers are demanding more tests, better drugs and insurance coverage. Americans desire a high quality of life and insurers/employers are trying to provide the means, but cost effectively and without raising costs. In order to do this, consumers will have to make more decisions, pay more and perhaps demand greater value (Barr, Paul).The common forces driving utilization and costs are me dical technology advancement, demanding consumers, and an aging population (Barr). Advancements can be seen all over the medical field in areas such as MRIs, new cardiology procedures, highly specialized drugs, cancer treatments, and new laboratory procedures. Consumers are savvy and know their options. There is advertising from pharmaceutical companies and medical technology corporations promoting their drugs and products nationally via the Internet, magazine and television ads. The aging population is also living longer.This population is living longer due to technological advances and insurance coverage. A huge portion of this coverage provided is by Medicare. Generations have paid into and depended upon this source of funding for years. It is projected that Medicare will be exhausted within the next 14 years. Currently Medicare is the biggest single p...

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay

A marketing plan git be defined as a written document that summarizes what the vender has learned about the marketplace and indicates how a soused expects to reach its marketing objectives. It contains tactical guide delimits for the commercialization programs and monetary allocations over the planning period (Kotler et al., 2012). This document cease be considered one of the most important outputs from the marketing process as it provides direction and focus for a brand, harvest-time, or comp whatsoever (Kotler et al., 2012). Typically, the marketing plan includes the avocation elements Executive summary, situational analysis, marketing strategy, financial projections, and effectuation controls.Executive summaryFounded in 2014, spicy life-Pedic is a start-up manufacturer of luxury mattresses offering a product line that is cerebrate on creating a lull the senses into a deep, relaxing, and peaceful nights nap. With different competitive offerings like Tempur-Pedic, Icomf ort, and Sealy Optimum, the Luxury-Pedic product line provide focus hard on being opposite. By providing a feeling product at competitive bell levels, excellent warranty, and service experience, Luxury-Pedic entrust stand out. Luxury-Pedic provide view vital market penetration by utilizing a market challenger strategy and attacking the market leader on the basis of competitive pricing. Additionally, Luxury-Pedic go forth thrive show on the following operating principles hiring a top- nonch dole outment team with extensive industry experience a solid line of work role model and long-term planning and c areful evaluation and response to competitive opportunities.Situational analysisLuxury-Pedic is entering into its first year of operation. Thusfar, its products have been well acknowledged with the purport of further and rapider expansion to come based on the marketing efforts soon to be implemented. Luxury-Pedic offers entrepot form bubbles mattresses in terce varieti es of firmness and a some(prenominal) varieties of types of depot foam.Market compendiousLuxury-Pedic understands the existing market and has through extensive research to understand the common attributes of the target market. This research will be utilise better to understand the consumers, their needs, and how to communicate best with the market. match to Business Journal for the catch some Zs Products Industry (2015), the target market for the mattress industry includes the followingMattress InvolvedSleep SufferersHealthy and ContentBrand SelectorsA passagewayeticsThere is no set geographic target area for mattress sales. By utilizing in-store sales, Internet sales and delivery services, Luxury-Pedic intends to serve twain domestic and International customers. The market can also be narrowed follow up to the adult demographic, ages 18 and up. Behavioral factors will include the working class, the stop deprived or fatigued population looking for a good nights rest.Market Growth PotentialThe mattress industry is a steadily growing, altering, and evolving. As the mattress industry has changed, the consumer demographics have changed as well. Baby Boomers no longer are wanting to deal with horrible sleep conditions as it saved money in exchange for a better nights sleep that allows consumers to be much energized and feel younger. This changing of consumer wants to consumer needs has enabled the mattress industry to become more prosperous than ever. There is an unlimited market growth capableness as consumers are becoming more educated on the benefits of a better nights sleep as well as more educated on the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of mattress products. According to Wise (2012), The mattress trade group recently revised its estimate and expects the assess of mattress shipments to rise 10.5 percent and the number of units to grow 6.5percent (p. 3). This increased consumer knowledge base has changed the mattress market potent ial from being a small market with potential immediate rewards into a market where long-term growth and increase opportunity has become to the key to market success.Competitive AnalysisThe Luxury-Pedic 100% storehouse foam mattress line will belong into a super competitive space. Outside of the 100% memory foam mattress line, there is the independent wrapped pocketed coil line and the interlocking coil or traditional coil lines of a mattress. These lines are built and designed by mattress companies that have been selling mattresses for 65 to 140 historic period by brands such as Sterns & Foster, Simmons, Sealy, and Hampton & Rhodes just to start. When it comes to the 100% memory foam mattresses, Sealy, Tempur-Pedic, Hampton & Rhodes, & Serta are the most popular companies today. All four of these businesses produce memory foam mattresses that range in price from $698 to $9,000 for a queen set. The no(prenominal) memory foam mattresses range from $198 to $4,800 for a queen matt ress set.Competitor Product & Price SummaryWhen it comes to the prices of the 100% mattress foam lines, Luxury-Pedic is unable to compete with the prices of Hampton & Rhodes and the introductory lines from both Sealy and Serta. The quality differences between the Luxury-Pedic mattress lines and the lower end lines of Sealy, Serta, & Hampton & Rhodes are the differences between night and day. For their price point, none of their mattresses are 100% memory foam. They contain mostly low-grade heat conductive standard foam that sleep hot by giving backside all of the heat put into the mattresses. Additionally, they do not have proper edge support or prevent body impressions.When it comes to the higher priced 100% memory foam mattresses from the other competitive brands, Luxury-Pedic mattresses will stand out due to same high quality of material, temperature regulation, comfort, and edge support at a price point that undercuts all other competing mattresses. Tempur-Pedic mattresses are the only mattresses in the entire industry that are price locked at a that is almost double of what any other memory foam mattress costs. Tempur-Pedic owns SealyTempur-Pedic, and so the focus of the Sealy100% memory foam mattress line is to be only two steps above the Serta memory foam line. Out of all of the memory foam mattress lines, the Serta collection is the worst at temperature regulation and has no pillow top product offering. Sealy is better at temperature regulation but is the softest of all memory foam mattresses. The prices of these two lines are very similar. They range from $1,299 to $2,499.Segmentation, Target Market, & StrategyThe Luxury-Pedic mattress lines will focus on trine different areas of the consumer market. The first will be focused on consumer medical needs. The medical benefits of the Luxury-Pedic mattress lines range from increased circulation, increased recovery times, decreased aches, pains, and soreness, and an increase in an overall comfort allowing for a better nights sleep. The second area will focus on consumer comfort. The Luxury-Pedic line will come in 3 different comforts from firm, plush, and pillow top allowing a customer to be able to identify the mattress that best suits their comfort needs.The third and final focus will be on consumer nurture as the Luxury-Pedic line will be more cost effective than Tempur-Pedic but will provide all of the same advantages and benefits of Tempur-Pedic. According to Perry (2010), The mattress industry must(prenominal) sell dreams if it wants to elevate its image, boost its sale price and give consumers a better shopping experience (p. 34). With the implementation of using these three different market strategies focusing on consumer breakdown and target marketing, Luxury-Pedic will be able to establish a stronghold in the 100% memory foam market.PricingThe Luxury-Pedic line will consist of three different mattresses firmness levels. There will be a firm, plush, and pillow top. When it comes a firm mattress, Tempur-Pedic queen price set is at $4,199, Serta is at $1,699, and Sealy has not actual firm 100% memory foam mattress. The price for a Luxury-Pedic firm mattress will be $1,899 as the Serta mattress has poor temperature regulation and it out prices the Tempur-Pedic significantly. When it comes to a plush mattress, Sealy is priced at $1,799, Serta $1,999, and Tempur-Pedic at $3,499. The Luxury-Pedic mattress will be priced at $2,099. The focus is to build value in the concept of adding more materialincreases the size of the mattress allowing which causes an increase in the cost of the mattress. There is not a real pillow top in any of the Tempur-Pedic, Serta, or Sealy mattress lines, making Luxury-Pedic a true one of a kind, but in soft equivalences Sealy is priced at $2,099, Serta $2,199, and Tempur-Pedic at $4,999. The Luxury-Pedic pillow top will be priced at $2,299. The point is to no be cheaper than a low-end mattress, but to be at a lower price than T empur-Pedic. We will be at a higher price than Sealy and Serta with the benefit of much better quality.Distribution StrategiesThe distribution strategy for Luxury-Pedic will be following Indirect distribution. Luxury-Pedic Mattresses will ab initio be built and assembled in two factories in New Mexico and Kentucky to allow for easy mass distribution to wholesalers and mattress retailers. As Luxury-Pedics increase in the success, excess factories will be built to shorten delivery times in grade to allow for an increase in mattress sales. The objective of the distribution strategy is to be able to get new mattresses to wholesalers and retailers in less than 72 hours after ordering. Developing clear objectives is vital to a prosperous marketing plan. There are numerous essential elements to consider when creating effective marketing objective. Its important that the objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-specific or fresh for short.The SMART approach le t you how to manage your marketing activities successfully. Luxury Pedic is always evolving. The mattress industry is continuously growing. Key actions indicators are an important part of information used to describe how companies such as Luxury Pedic will progress towards its marketing goal within the next three years. Retailing at competitive rates of $1899-2500 depending on the mattress performance level, Luxury Pedic is priced to carry out increased profit revenue continuously. The key performance indicators are based on legitimate data and business objectives, and they are not always financial but they are necessary for directing management to their full potential. Some other essential performances include new and existing customers status, customer segmentation by profitability or demographics, customer referrals, advertisement, and testimonies.Demand forecastingDemand forecasting and estimation gives businesses valuable information about the markets in which they operate an d the markets they plan to pursue. The social occasion of demand forecasting and estimation is to find a businesss potential demand so managers can fixate accurate decisions about pricing, business growth and market potential. Managers base pricing on demand trends in the market. Demand forecasting and estimation is critical for inventory management. Businesses buy inventory based upon demand forecasts. Demand forecasting and estimation methods are typically accurate for short-term business planning. Estimating demand for the long-term is difficult because there are some unfore take heedn factors that influence demand over time.The expansion of the global mattress industry is forecast to reach 3.7% p.a. in the coming years. Between 2007 and 2013 the market increased with an total annual growth of 4.9%. Currently, cellular plastic and rubber mattresses account for 40.9% of the global demand while the remaining market share is divided between other mattresses (41.8%), and mattress supports (17.3%). China, France, Germany, Japan and the United States represent the largest mattress markets while the strongest annual growth is forecast to occur in Tanzania (24.1%), Ethiopia (15.4%), Philippines (15.0%), Rwanda (14.8%) and Bolivia (13.3%). selling ObjectivesDeveloping clear objectives is vital to a successful marketing plan. There are numerous essential elements to consider when creating effective marketing objective. Its important that the objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-specific or SMART for short. The SMART approach let you how to manage your marketing activities successfully. Luxury Pedic is always evolving, the mattress industry is continuously growing, and key performances indicators is an important part of information used to describe how companies such as Luxury Pedic will progress towards its marketing goal within the next three years.Retailing at competitive rates of $1899-2500 depending on the mattress performance l evel, Luxury Pedic is priced to achieve increased profit revenue continuously. The key performance indicators are based on legitimate data and business objectives they are not always financial, but they are necessary for directing management to their full potential. Some other key performances include new and existing customers status, customersegmentation by profitability or demographics, customer referrals, advertisement, and testimonies.Implementation MilestonesAs a new fellowship, setting mileposts in a marketing plan allows your company to undercut the progress of company goals allowing the business to determine if it can reach the task by a particular date and if there is enough data to move to the next activity. Luxury Pedic will identify their tasks, the start date, and the scheduled completion date, each event will continue until every task is finished. Creating a milestone table for your business sets the plan in concrete terms with real budgets and deadlines. Luxury ped ic started by identifying each milestone, assigning a due date, allocating a budget, and designating a responsible person or group for each task, this is how a plan is implemented. authorization MetricsIt is important to set the rules of engagement within Luxury-Pedic. In order to measure success, we must be able to have a way to create company goals and establish the way to control what needs to be done in order to achieve the objectives set forth. We must be able to have a rule to measure current success, as well. We must be able to deliver efficiently on four types of marketing control. Those types are Annual Plan Control, Profitability Control, Efficiency Control, and Strategic Control. Annual Plan Control provides us with the ability to see if the results the company is looking for are being reached. Profitability Control shows us where we are making money and, even, where we are losing money. If it is found that money is being lost, we can adjust what is being done to produce a positive gain in revenue.Depending on the money that is lost, the product or idea will go directly to the end of life cycle to save cost in that area. Efficiency control gives us the opportunity to see how our marketing dollars are being spent in relation to the impact that our marketing strategy is having on our consumer base. Strategic control will give us a roadmap letting us know if the company is going down the right path in product offerings and how we are going about to make these offers available to the public. With the proper control measures put in place, we can see a complete picture of how the company is doing at any particular time.We will be able to identify problem areas quickly and create contingency plans when needed adequately to addressany needs or areas of concern. Its falls on management to steer the company in the right direction. Creating a culture of success is vital. Frontline employees must be on board with the direction the company is moving. If it is c ontumacious that there are issue in that area by way in bad performance results, for example, it is up to management to find the right path to correct those performance issues. All parts of the business must work well together in order to serve our consumer base actually.Contingency cookingMarketers must be ready to update and adapt marketing plans at any time (Kotler & Keller, 2011, p. 55). There are many variables that can affect daily, monthly, and quarterly numbers in terms of production and revenue. We must be ready to address any and all areas of concerns promptly. The introduction of a new mattress company can affect the way we market and advertize to our consumer base. Competition in a marketplace can have several adverse effects. One thing we must be prepared to adapt to is the effect competition can have on pricing and promotions. Too much competition can drive prices down which mean Luxury-Pedic must change to be successful. We may need to invest in more cost friendly p roducts that can deliver the same quality and comfort to cut cost, but will allow us to still deliver on our promise to our customer base with more affordable pricing. major geological events can have an immediate impact on demand of our products. Floods, tornados, and hurricanes can create mass devastation that can leave our consumer base in need to rebuild. Adjustments in our offerings and promotion to assist in helping rebuild our community will increase our overall customer satisfaction. Community service events and product donations would be a way for us to stand out above the rest of our competition to show that we care about our customers and our community. During such a period, the company could see a short term dip in revenue. With the establishment of community service projects in the time of need, we can predict that we will line positive long term success from that. Luxury-Pedic must be flexible in our approach and delivery of our products to our customer in order to ac hieve high success.In conclusion, a successful firm starts with a marketing plan within its first fiscal year. A marketing plan is a highly detailed and written document that summarizes howa firm plans to reach its marketing objectives. Luxury-Pedic has outlined its marketing plans and detailed tasks to reach these elements, executive summary, situational analysis, marketing strategy, financial projections, and implementation controls will be discussed among other elements. This paper has defined the following objectives that Luxury-Pedic will implement to achieve this successful marketing plan.ReferencesBedTimes. (2012). Research Finds 5 Key Mattress Consumer Segments. Retrieved from http//bedtimesmagazine.com/2009/01/research-finds-5-key-mattress-consumer-segments/ Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2011). Marketing Management (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. Perry, D. (2010). Mattress industry should sell dreams. Furniture Today, 34(37), 33. Retrieved from http //search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/346182942?pq-origsite=summon&http//search.proquest.com?accountid=35812 Wise, W. L. (2012). Going to the mattress. The Post and Courier Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1115405056?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=35812

Mitsubishi Corporation Analysis

Capital structure in Japan has been noted to be more highly leveraged than comparative North American fasts which brings to mind the examination how is it that Japanese heartys call for been able to take on such high levels of debt? The answer lies in the environment that Japanese firms hold up been operating in.More specifically, the levels of debt ar likely to have been induced by the lack of alternative sources of finance beca drop of the effect of government regulations, and the different will power structure in Japanese firms (with institutional pass oners creation major equity holders). So, the higher leverage has been a consequence of the conditions that Japanese bloodline face-with a more pronounced effect (due to relationships) in companies which be in corporate groups k at one timen as keiretsu. These conditions were characteristic of the past.As the benefits of debt atomic number 18 well known in finance theory (tax shields, signaling etc.), the lack of licens e and efficiency in finis making borne by Japanese managers seem to be the cost. The run for some firms has been a reduction in debt levels to those more resembling U.S. companies. The questions now have become What is the optimal debt level for a Japanese firm? Should firms still be taking advantage of the benefits of their keiretsu relationship that have allowed them to take on such levels of debt?Our analysis focuses on Mitsubishi Corporation, a core conglomerate that is part of the larger Mitsubishi Group keiretsu having the capital structure characteristics mentioned above. The report will first look for the circumstances that may have induced Mitsubishi to its present capital structure, then look at more recent events and trends that may affect future finance decisions, and conclude with the Mitsubishi capital structure/optimum debt level analysis.Japanese corporations have come onpaced rival firms in the US and Europe in terms of capital investment through disclose the 1970s and into the 1980s. One of the main reasons behind the high level of investment is the better access to capital that Japanese firms have compared to their western counterparts-the result is that Japanese firms seem to have more debt than their U.S. counterparts. A common motive for taking on more debt is for the tax advantages, but there is little to argue that there is much difference in the taxation systems between the two countries to support such a reason . The most likely factor for this trend in Japan has been the result of the close relationships that Japanese firms have with each other in a keiretsu.In Japan the legal age of companies are organize into enterprise groups called keiretsu (which translates as series or group. The basic features of a keiretsu are as follows cross- plowshare holding agreements, interlocking transmitorate, intra-group financing, joint investing, and a consistent radiation pattern of dealing among group portions. The largest of the keir etsu are Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Fuji, Daiichi Kangyo, and Sanwa (the latter three are centered around Japans largest commercial banks. Together, these six corporate groups account for a quarter of total Japanese business assets.Prior to the Second World War, several large monopolistic companies dominated Japanese industry. They were known as zaibatsu the sovereign four were Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo and Yasuda. During the post-war Occupation the holding companies of the zaibatsu that controlled member firms were dissolved. Mevery firms subsequently regrouped to create the keiretsu we see today.Types of keiretsu Vertical and HorizontalVertical keiretsu are arranged hierarchically on production and distribution lines and organized under a principal manufacturer. The benefits of this network include increased efficiency and customer service, decreased distribution costs, simplified trade channels, rationalized inventory controls and the facilitation of effective informati on sharing between members. Also, the principal manufacturers receive the benefit of being in a dominant position, which creates a high mark of bargaining power.Horizontal keiretsu are large groups of Japanese companies in a wide range of industries, organized around a commercial bank. Direct emulation is avoided between member firms by only having one company in any line of business. The success of this type of keiretsu is attributed to their cross- shareholding and the availability of bank loans to their members. This is supplemented with personnel exchanges and consensus decision making between member firms. Being in a horizontal keiretsu also means that a stable core of long-term shareholders is in commit for a company. For our purposes we will be focusing on the capital structure and other features of firms in a horizontal keiretsu.The economic environment that Japanese firms operated in favored highly leveraged capital structures. The following are some of the factors, besi des belonging to a keiretsu, that have had an effect on a Japanese firms capital structure.The reluctance of Japanese managers to raise equity capital stems from the operations of the Japanese stock markets. Firstly, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is less miserly on disclosure requirements as compared to the NYSE, for example, which causes sharp asymmetric information differences between corporate insiders and the market. The result of this asymmetry is a severe underpricing of new share offerings and a reluctance to issue on focusings part.Firms, therefore, had a preference for bank debt which was less likely to suffer from such pricing effects. Secondly, equity has been an pricey form of finance in the past. The notion of issuing shares at market nurse is a recent phenomenon whereas traditionally firms issued equity at a historical par value of 50 yen with a fixed dividend. Investors typically demanded a 20 to 30 per centum annual dividend on the par value (in essence the instrume nt was a preferred share), which were paid bulge out of after-tax cash flows. Loans on the other hand were easily obtained through an affiliated bank at reasonable interest rates, and provided a tax shield through the deductible interest payments.Government Regulations and the Bond MarketTable 1 shows how the domestic stick to market in Japan began to open up during the 1980s. Until that time, strict bond issuing criteria that applied internationally kept most firms out of the domestic and distant bond markets. Government regulations worked against issuing corporate bonds. The government saw corporate bonds as a competitive threat to the its own bonds since interest rates would have to be raised in order for the governments bonds to compete with those of the top corporations. It wasnt until 1985 that unsecured straight-debt corporate bonds were even issued. These conditions meant that firms had a reliance on their bank for debt financing and as a result of their close relationshi ps to banks, had a lower cost of capital and the ability to invest more than those who did not.Structure of incorporated Ownership in JapanThe structure of corporate ownership in Japan is quite different compared to their counterparts in the West, with ownership being highly grueling in Japan. Japanese laws allow institutional investors to exert more control over firms and their management inducing them to seek higher levels of share ownership. Indeed, there is a striking difference between Japanese and US corporate ownership. Ownership by financial institutions (particularly commercial banks) is far greater in Japan than in the US.Japanese commercial banks and insurance companies hold approximately two to three times the number of outstanding shares of public firms than their US counterparts do. On top of being a predominant shareholder, financial institutions play the simultaneous roles of also being the largest creditors of the firms as well being an important long-term commerc ial business partner. For example, it has been shown that out of 344 manufacturing corporations, financial institutions own 34.48% of the common equity and individuals own 29.53% . Therefore, many Japanese firms have access to more debt since financial institutions have highly concentrated ownership in firms.Ownership concentration does not differ significantly between keiretsu and independent Japanese firms . With high ownership concentration and cross-share holding by banks, suppliers and customers, keiretsu firms are better able to monitor decisions of firms in spite of appearance the group and direct managements actions to benefit the whole and to act as a collective earlier than just being contractual business partners.During the high growth era, the government of Japans Ministry of Finance directed investment to high growth industries. To jibe that investment capital was available to firms in these industries, implicit guarantees on the liabilities of financial and non-fina ncial corporations were given to lenders. The provision of a safety net for the loans made the banks eager to lend money to finance rapid expansion in these industries, and the corporations willing to borrow it.Banks were also threatened by market bonds since they posed direct conflict to their business in two ways. First, there was a fear that interest rates on bank deposits would have to be raised from their artificially low rates to keep funds from migrating to other investment instruments. Second, banks did not want to lose their traditional customers for loans to the capital market. Because of their presence in the management and the board of directors in firms within the keiretsu structure, they were able to effectively keep these companies financing their operations with loans. This was relatively easy since most firms could not issue bonds anyhow until recently.The keiretsu system helped to reduce many of the direct and indirect costs faced by Western firms, which may have a llowed firms to raise their debt levels.A major benefit arising from keiretsu affiliation is the reduction in costs of financial distress for member firms thus allowing them to take on a higher debt to equity ratio than otherwise possible. This is mainly attributed to keiretsu banking relationships and the consequent high levels of share ownership by financial institutions.Since a Japanese keiretsu is primarily financed by its main bank, to which a firm has close ties to, the extent of financial distress is greatly reduced. Hypothetically, when a firm within a keiretsu is entering financial distress, its main bank will coordinate rescue efforts by arranging loans from other banks as well as itself. In extreme cases, the bank will even find a company within the same keiretsu to merge with the distressed firm. In the event of a bankruptcy, the main bank will bail out the keiretsu firm by absorbing all losses by taking a subordinated position to other debt holders, eliminating the need for squabbling between the other claimants.The other features of the keiretsu, namely cross-ownership of shares and intra-group financing, also decrease the cost of financial distress. Since all firms within a keiretsu have some sort of stake in the distressed firm, it is in their best interest to try to keep that firm in operation . Aid from companies in the keiretsu can come in the form of stretched receivables, favorable transfer pricing and direct management incentives.To decrease the probability of bankruptcy and to increase the likelihood of convalescence by a financially distressed firm, it would be ideal to expand, invest, and allow their organizations to grow. This is consistent among keiretsu firms since in times of financial distress, they tend to invest 46 percent more compared to non-keiretsu firms .Firms in financial distress generally have problems in raising capital, which may be in part due to a uninvolved passenger problem. Firms with diffuse groups of creditors are faced with this problem because individual debt holders would not be willing to refinance the firm or renegotiate debt claims even though it would be in their collective best interests to do so. This problem is absent however, when a keiretsu firm is primarily financed with bank loans from a single creditor. Free rider problems are less severe or eliminated in keiretsu organizations.In addition, keiretsu firms tend to stay out of Japanese bankruptcy courts. Since financially distressed keiretsu firms are bailed out internally, the direct costs of bankruptcy such as legal and advisory fees, are vastly reduced. American firms on the other hand see the majority of disputes, arising from financial distress, ending up in bankruptcy courts. This problem in the US corporate system can be partially attributed to the wide use of bond financing.A multitude of bondholder claims are more difficult to restructure than a single bank loan and US bankruptcy legislation prevents companies from changing the principal, interest, and maturity without unanimous consent from bondholders. Therefore, keiretsu firms do not incur these large costs of financial distress, which can reach up to five percent of firm value, incurred by their US counterparts. In the end, the lower costs of financial distress is another reason why Japanese firms can take on more debt and thus lower their costs of capital even more with increased utilization of their tax shields.A financial keiretsu, through its network of corporate cross-shareholdings and healthful relationship with a main bank, serves as an effective system for monitoring the actions of a member firm. Member firms are in unique positions to serve as mutual monitors because the success of a single firm is in the best interests of the entire keiretsu. As keiretsu firms typically have seats on other member firms board of directors, they can make sure that the actions of management are in accord with the interests of the entire group.The main bank acts as the patriarchal lender and as a major shareholder, also tends to have its own executives sit on the board. This dual role ensures that the banks will be looking out for the interests of both bond and equity holders of the firm. The costs of monitoring are not as high as they are in the US system for any one party since the ownership is not as diluted. Hence, each member has a signficant interest in monitoring the firms activities and the free rider problem is alleviated. This system of corporate governance effectively makes sure that management pursues long run value creation.Agency costs are reduced in a keiretsu because of the unique relationships within the group. Shareholders cannot participate in moral hazard activities such as transferring risk to debt holders or transferring wealth from them by encouraging management to take on negative NPV projects. Both the higher level of debt and the structure of ownership, i.e. the bank being a creditor-owner and the high proportion of shares being cross-held within a keiretsu, serve the purpose of keeping managerial interests in accord with the group. The lower agency costs also results from the fact that most of the debt is short-term and secured.

Poetry Ducle Et Decorum Est Essay

Wilfred Owen was a poet born in 1893, and the poem Dulce et Decorum Est was probably his most famous one. Owen wrote this poem in hospital after suffering from both physical and mental injuries of the First World War. Having experienced contend himself, he had a realistic view of the war and tested to convey this to others before he died at twenty-five years old. Dulce et Decorum Est focuses on a gas attack, and portrays that war is not honourable and sweet, as the entitle suggests in Latin.The poem begins by describing the physical state of the soldiers. The poet uses similes to convey the ill-health of the men. The soldiers are described as organism Bent double, like old beggars which characterizes soldiers as being prematurely old, and extremely weak for their young age. Metaphors are in addition utilize to draw attention to their weak state of mind, Men marched asleep is used to regard the exhaustion of the fighters, not only the soldiers are here physically but suggests a lso as they are mentally and Drunk with fatigue.The poet uses the avatar of bombs when he writes disappointed shells which suggests the soldiers from the enemy side had thrown bombs and grenades unsuccessfully. This implies that in war, soldiers had a lot of chances to be bombed easily. From the second stanza, we experience war through the naked eyes of a soldier during a sudden gas attack. The facial expression of the poem changes from a pessimistic calm with the slow walk of soldiers through the sludge to a tone of panic due to the gas attack. GAS Gas Quick, boys these exclamatory sentences create urgency, which shows how the soldiers had to live in fear each day.From the gas attack, the poet uses again a personification by using clumsy helmets to explain that the gas masks provided were inefficient, and that soldiers almost had no chance of surviving. During that time, the simile floundering like a man in fire or lime is used to show a panicking soldier because gas has got in fected his body. This creates a sense of pity because the soldier sees his comrade die in campaign of him, through the misty panes which are the masks. From this, readers understand that war doesnt only have physical effects, but also terrible mental effects.The emotional equal of war is well shown in Owens poem when in the third stanza, he describes how in all his dreams, he sees his friend who died guttering, chocking, drowning. These three verbs are used as the rule of three, they all are connotations of suffering and death. The fact that he couldnt help this helpless soldier because gas had already got into his body haunts him every night since. When Owen describes the death of his mates in war, he remembers how prominently treated they looked and he uses negative connotations to show that seeing these images hurt him mentally.Owen writes about his friend having a hanging face which suggests that he was exhausted, and uses the simile like a dumbfounds sick of him that implie s Owen comparing his comrades face to a devils appearance. Seeing his partner suffering, the poet uses the verb gargling to define his forth-corrupted lungs. These words submit a sense of sound in the poem which is another way the poet has created pity and also put forward the fact that soldiers die in horrific conditions. On the next line, two similes are used to explain how Owen felt by the jibe at this time. Obscene as cancer and bitter as the cud both suggest death and the darkness of war.Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues shows it is dirty that young soldiers have to live in this misery, instead of having a normal and pleasant life. Readers patently imagine after this stanza, the memories the survivors still have in their mind is most of the time worth dying, and this affects readers to know some pity for these young men.In the very last stanza, Wilfred Owen involves the reader by using the second person. If you could run across reminds the sound sense again but also asks readers between the lines if you were in this situation, how would you react. Talking directly to the readers gives a bigger chance to Owen to emphazize pity in his poem. He continues with My friend, you would not tell with such a high zest to children to create guilt in the readers minds, because soldiers were highly encouraged or even forced to go to war by propaganda and the countrys government. All the people who pushed young men to go to war by saying how great and adventurous it is feel guilty in this last stanza.The word Children also emphazises pity, and points out that Owen has himself been a kid pushed to war and now as a survivor knows the lies behind it. In my opinion, I think that this poem was directed to all the people who formed propaganda for war, but it was also written to tell young men who were going to war in the future aware of the reality. In the end, after pointing out that society shouldnt lie about war, and after earing that these children desire glory, he states The old cunning Dulce and decorum est pro patria mori, which is the title of the poem. Here, Wilfred Owen made a rime, and he also has used irony in this one sentence.This whole poem is about expressing how bad war is and when he writes this which means it is honourable and sweet to die for your country in Latin perfectly summarises the poem using irony. From this poem, I can obviously see that, after years, Owen still suffers from the physical and mental injuries that war caused him. Lots of strong words have been used by the poet to express what it was like and how he felt, which creates pity in the readers mind. I find Wilfred Owen very brave and courageous for writing this poem that explains how millions of young soldiers have felt, being in war.

Modern Society and Breakfasts

eat is identified as the most important meal of the day. It is also the meal which race often skip despite having health benefits such as helping in weight management, better energy and concentration, as well as better problem-solving skills (The Importance of Breakfast). From context, the word eat means breaking the fasting which lasted throughout the sleep. People prefer different meals for breakfast. Some go for cereals some go for bread, some for rice, pancakes, eggs, bacon, sausages etc.Whatever kind of breakfast a person eats, as a habit, it is still related to a certain purification but modern culture has resulted in breakfast being neglected. From the data gathered from an interview, the Western style breakfast consists mostly one or more of the following pancakes or waffles, cereals, bread, eggs, bacon, ham, sausages with milk, coffee, juice or tea. The interviewees said that they usually chip in breakfast as a family before but changing times resulted in not having to eat breakfast with other family members.Some can still manage to eat with their family. Many now prepare their own breakfast and treat it as an private activity. Due to a fast-paced life especially in the city, many people no longer have breakfast at home. They usually get breakfast on their way to work or school. In a modern society, people consider breakfast as an individual affair and very few people regard breakfast as a ritual, thus, family members have breakfast at different times. Many people have also been known to skip breakfast (Prevos, 2004).The importance of eating breakfast cannot be denied. I study indicated that children who ate breakfast showed better performance in school. They have better test scores, have better behaviour and are less hyperactive (Jegtvig, 2008). Breakfast in an important meal but modern cultural influences have resulted in breakfast becoming an individual activity instead of being a group activity like it was considered before. More and more people are also skipping breakfast. Interviews mortal 1 Eats pancakes, waffles or cereals, milk, fruit juice for breakfast. Breakfast is a group activity with family members Pancakes and waffles go with maple syrup with milk or fruit juice for drinks. Eats breakfasts with family since all family members go to work or school early mortal 2 Eats eggs, cereal, bacon, ham, rice, milk or coffee for breakfast. Breakfast is an individual activity. Family members wake up at different times but breakfast is served by mother. Sometimes have breakfast on the way to work. Person 3 Eats toasted bread, eggs, sausages, fruit juice or coffee for breakfast. Breakfast is an individual activity. Cooks own breakfasts or have breakfast on the way to work. Person 4 Does not eat breakfast. References Jegtvig, S. 20 August 2008. Eating Healthy Food Aids Learning. About. com. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http//nutrition. about. com/od/ nutritionforchildren/a/dietandlearning. htm Prevos, P. 15 A ugust 2004. Breakfast and Culture. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http//prevos. net/ola/breakfast. pdf The Importance of Breakfast. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http//www. bellybytes. com/articles/breakfast2. shtml

Economic Migration: A Threat or a Blessing to Developed Countries?

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALISTION Individual Report To what extent is economic migration a threat or a blessing to actual countries? In general, the primary gentle right is life and to lead this life wherever desirable, where it is possible to live the most freely, easily and in complete security. In order of battle to do this, batch walk out across the existence, voluntarily or forcibly, in the search for this new place. Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to a nonher, due to vital reasons for a better quality of life political reasons and economic reasons.We know certainly two basic trends that be the base for migration. The world-class is Global Population growth and the second is the global shift in use of goods and services. The first one is referring to the global nation, which has deep roots in the past and is tutelage with the problem of birth and death occurring each day. It is estimate that the world population is continuing to increase st arting from the year 1950, when it was just 3 billion people in the world and nowadays, in 2007, when it is 6 billion citizenry- according with the statistics realised by the Census Bureau.The second trend is related to the economic reasons and we entrust localise on them, being the principal theme for this report. Economic migration results from economic activities that result in the movement of persons from one country to another for entrepreneurial, industrial, professional, labour market or commercial motives. In an era of globalization, economic or labour migration is on the rise. Due to lack of employment opportunities in developing countries and increased demands for low-wage workers in highly- developed countries, youth, women and men are pursuing work in other countries in order to support themselves and their families back home.Recent statistics demonstrate that there are rough 200 gazillion persons per year who migrate throughout the world. The International Organizat ion for Migration estimates that there are 80 million economic migrants worldwide. These migrations are most a good deal from poor countries to rich countries rather than the reverse. The principal places attracting migrants are the petroleum producing Persian Gulf countries, the United States and the European Union. It is not confined to poor countries inhabitants of rich countries in addition migrate for economic reasons to other countries.Traditionally and historically, the USA has been hotspot of economic migrants since it is seen as the land of opportunity. Thousands of people from all across the world, including Britain, try to move to the USA for a better life. For example a lecturer at an Ivy League University still earns more than someone at a realise university in the UK. M any(prenominal) economic migrants to the USA come from Latin America and the Caribbean. About 150,000 Mexi pottys enter illegally each year, resulting in 3 to 4 million illegal Mexicans in the USA. They arrive in dangerous conditions such as hidden in the backs of lorries under legal produce.The chart below shows the projected U. S. population growth if immigration and fertility remain similar to todays rates. pic But is economic migration a threat or a blessing to developed countries? A threat is any activity whose appearance is likely to break the social equilibrium and peace in a man of the world. Growing immigration into the rich countries whether voluntary, obligate, regular or clandestine tends to be built up into a bubbling volcano that can become active at the l easternmost pressure from the lava. It can give rise to three types of threats.On the security level, the influx of migrants can be a source of recruits for a possible terrorist network, on the one hand. On the other hand, neglected immigrants, without means of subsistence, can form networks of criminals can be contri thators to urban insecurity and creators of communities favorable to possible terrorist re cruitment efforts. On the economic level, immigrants can be a significant reservoir for the recruitment of cheap labour to the detriment of citizens. That can result in an increase in the unemployment rate for the latter, which becomes a concern for governments.Providing assistance for the immigrants can have an influence on cosmos budgets and contribute to the erosion of the purchasing power of citizens. That could, in the unyielding run, create frustrations among citizens and result in acts of violent discrimination with regrettable consequences. On the socio-cultural level, the struggle for reciprocal influence between immigrant cultures and local cultures could give rise to a national identity conflict through several mechanisms. Immigrants who are victims of discrimination, social injustices and other tension-creating acts, could use violence to demand their rights.Various illicit forms of trafficking, particularly the trafficking of human beings through migration, are also t hreats arising from migration. ECONOMIC MIGRATION DAMAGES the IMMIGRANTS HOME COUNTRY To argue that Britain needs economic migrants because of their alleged energy, talent and skills, is to ignore the flip look of that coin which is that the country they came from is spillage to be deprived of their energy, talent and skills. Every economic migrant who comes here is depriving his or her country of their ability, and is prolonging their own countrys agony.It is irresponsible and felonious to deprive countries in this way. Economic migration on these terms is a form of piracy, which should be outlawed Morally speaking, developed countries should not encourage a understanding drain from the developing world, especially not of those who have been described as hard working, educated and entrepreneurial. Immigrations needed to explain why they countenance the economic piracy and brain draining of the developing world. They need to explain why they advocate a policy guaranteed to keep the developing world in poverty.The people who promote open borders and migration, either as an imagined solution to global economic injustice, or population pressure, or because they want to effect demographic potpourri in the Western world, are in the wrong. Here are some of their frequently heard myths We need economic migrants to keep the Health Service going The only reason nurses from Asia are being imported is because we do not, and wont, pay a living wage to nurses from this country. This is a new form of 21st century slavery. Britain abolished the Atlantic slave trade. Lets not start a new version.Why are we importing teachers when we have teachers on the dole? It is not because we have a shortage of labour. It is because we have a shortage of people willing to do these jobs at the low wages crack cocaineed. Many companies could not survive without immigrants So what? If the companies are only employing immigrants then what goods are they doing for anyone other than imm igrants? Immigrants do the work we would not do This is not necessarily true. Are we to believe that without any immigrants we would have no cafes, no waiters, and no cleaners? Off course not.The only reason immigrants are doing these jobs is because they dont pay well enough for indigenous people to accept them. Relying on immigrants to do this work is a form of slavery. Instituting a modern form of slavery is immoral. It is not a sign of a progressive society. It is certainly not something of which we should be proud. Instead, it is morally right to do our own drudgery work. Many economic migrants are highly skilled and have a lot to offer Again, this demonstrates the extent to which their home countries are missing out on their talent and skills.If a talented person flees his or her homeland then they become part of their home countrys problem, not part of the solution. Immigrants create jobs. Look at Marks and Spencer, for example Simply because a tiny handful of past immigrants went on to put up high street chain stores, does not mean that all immigrants are potentially able to do this, will do this, or that it is something only immigrants can do. If there is a genuine need for more shops and bank linees then that need will be met, without the help of immigrants. Secondly, because something happened in the past does not mean it will happen again.And thirdly, in the past, levels of immigration were much lower and there were periods of almost zero immigration, where new immigrants had the time to settle and assimilate into society. When economic migrants are forced to enter illegally, they become prey to criminal traffickers, and so the answer is to make it easier for them to apply for entry legally Are we to believe that all illegal immigrants, umpteen of whom do not even speak English, would be granted admission if they applied legally? So long as there are any kinds of border controls whatsoever, then there will always be people attempting to enter Br itain illegally.That is because such people simply have no skills to offer legally. If we rattling wanted to cut out criminal traffickers then we would simply open the doors wide so eachbody could enter in ease, and that is the inevitable logic of this kind of thinking. That would be the irresponsible and immoral act of a government, which had abdicated any concern for the political, social, cultural, environmental and quality of life consequences of its policies. There is a lot of disadvantages of economic migration to developed countries but is there any benefits of this? Yes is the simple answer and the benefits are many.Immigration Minister Liam Byrne said it was important to strike a new counterbalance in immigration policy. That means looking at the wider benefits to the developed countries economy on the one hand, but it means we have to take into account the wider impact on these countries public services and life as well. We need to weigh both things up before we take bi g decisions on immigration. It is clear that migration brings huge economic benefits to the developed countries such as United Kingdom or United States of America. for BBC news said Dr Sriskandarajah.Low jobless rates in Ireland, Sweden, Britain, America and other developed countries with high migration suggest that, so far, foreigners are not squeezing out natives. Migrants also help to create jobs, because a good supply of labour encourages those with neat to invest more. Also, foreign workers are often more flexible than native ones, too. Having already moved from Mexico to New York, lets say, they are probably willing to take a job in Washington. Migrant labour helps to keep economies on an even keel. And they are consumers, too, renting accommodation and buying goods and services.His Polish customers, who are fond of Smirnoff vodka and east European lager, delight the owner of the off-licence for example in Holloway road. Holloway supermarkets, fast-food restaurants and othe r shops are flourishing too. Business benefits- price/wage growth is likely to wordy or fall back, protected by the minimum wage, as a new supply of working age migrants boost the Scottish economy. This provides clear business benefits and helps explain the CBIs support for managed immigration to support business growth. A shortage of workers can stifle growth and lead to wage inflation reducing the combat of Scottish made goods.There is a popular myth is that economic migrants come here and steal our jobs. There is no fixed supply of jobs, therefore more workers in the economy fuel more jobs. So attracting new labour into work will actually create jobs rather than reduce them. thusly many sectors struggle to fill vacancies leading to skill shortages both within essential public services and in the private sector. To conclude, like in every phenomenon there are blessings and threats to others. But the 21st century phenomenon of economic migration is a reality that openly threaten s peace in the world.States and the transnational community together should coalesce this question into their political strategies in order to find ways and means likely to give rise to a better socioeconomic and security balance among people. Word count (excluding bibliography)- 1996 words BIBLIOGRAPHY Newspapers ? The Economist print edition- Migration, May 10th 2001 ? The Economist print edition- of bed sheets and bison grass vodka, Jan 3rd, 2008 Web pages and TV ? http//issues. takingitglobal. org ? http//www. globalfootprints. org/issues ? www. migrationwatchuk. org ? http//www. northlan. ov. uk/business+and+employment/local+economy/economic+inf ormation/ ? Colonel Kaumbu Yankole Army / Democratic Republic of the Congo- is migration a threat? ? Bbc news- Migration causes pressure in UK. Wednesday, 17 October 2007 ? http//www. economist. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=E1_NGDRDTJ Books ? Suman Gupta and Tope Omoniyi- The cultures of economic migration international pe rspectives, 2007 ? Bjorn Lomborg- Solutions for the worlds biggest problems costs and benefits ? Stephen Glover- Migration an economic and social analysis, c2001

Debut novel by Benjamin Franklin Essay

Hawk, a debut newfangled by William Wallis (a poet) was published by The Publisher last 2006 with a 158 pages. Its genre is Fiction or Autobiographical. Hawk is the first novel written by the author that has won the 2006 Benjamin Franklin Award in Fiction that is condition annually by Publishers Marketing Association (an organization composed of around 4,000 independent publishers. It appeared last August 14, 2006 issue of Publishers Weekly, in the Benjamin Franklin Award segment of PMAs advertisement. He has a plan to publish three more stories that has a relation with his first novel.BODY The novel narrates about a story of family and survival while combining Southern traditional literary and contemporary expression. Maintaining the image of a poet and at the same sequence as a novelist, Wallis was able to recount a perception of life on earth by a seven-year-olds eyeWill Falke, the leading tone of his novel. Perplexing introductory events made the story more appealing to the re aders. Chronicles of conventional childhood experiences of Will Falke is one of the focuses of the novel.His pains and disappointments on the stage of his growth by means of which is spent mostly in Monticello, Arkansas, during the early 1950s molded him to become a Adika, pg 2 tough person. Having suffered and survived tough problems has not necessarily pushed Will to select to be in a place other than his hometown. The state where the central character lives is enclosed by a half-dozen other neighboring southern states, in which we can relate on how the characters in this story are interlinked. William Wallis, as a Southern writer keenly described one of the major engrossment of Southern America which is survival, both enduring and prevailing.Will Falke, born in the year of the fifties have experienced the both negative and positive stance of his existence in this world. He lost his eye he has endured the vicious pain of punishments from his cruel and brutal father he has to s tay sturdy in spite of the mocking and humiliations of his schoolmates, and a mother who is so weak to continuously strive to live in order to protect him and his family. These are the examples of him being cursed. On the contrary, there are also things aside from troubles that can still be a reason for Will to hold on and can be considered as a blessing.Significant characters like Alma, a nurse with a good heart that taught him to read Ruth, Wills frail mother where he got his sexual love for classical music and singing and he also learned the lyrics of classical music from a Jew pal Tyree, his gentle neighbor that skilled him to play cheat and gave him the gift of friendship and even simple things like a family farm that taught him to learn the ways of nature just like how his indignant father skilful him to be resilient he is cared and very much loved by women, and lastly, he has eventually learned liberty and freedom like a Hawk. Adika, pg 3On my point of view, this novel is s o heartily written by the author that has the capacity to move the hearts of the reader through the varying well-hanging events and experiences as well as emotions that we could easily relate with. Every experience of Will, every struggle regarding his parents, sisters, and the other people that were dear to him has rendered complex scenario of bravery and the true honor of a family. He has not only portrayed the classic or typical outlook of love of a family member but exhibited with honesty and kind of artistry the true meaning of selfless and Christ-like lovefull of bravery and hope.

In Miltons paradise lost, god Essay

In Miltons Paradise Lost, matinee idol is portrayed as having limited influence and reach with our world. This is perhaps a result of his extol for free volition/conscience. This lack of contact is supported by one theologys passiveness, there are several devolve onuations in the book in which paragon seems like he should be able to influence events but he simply doesnt act. When he does act, he acts indirectly. divinity fudge seems to execute his plans by dint of either his angels or his son.Finally, perhaps the best indication of deitys limited connections is in the cases where beau ideal uses complicated, elaborate plans to do things that if he really had 100% condition he would perform simply and immaculately. In the book Paradise Lost, immortal plays a relatively passive role considering that he is by far the most signifi earth-closett character in this book. He seems to sit up on his heavenly throne and observes quite than interact with his creations. A good case of this is in harbor three lines 80-90, when God watches Satan ascending from hell.It would seem that when he was alerted by Uriel, the archangel would stupefy been a good time to intervene and smite cut Satan. It almost seems like Miltons God wants the events of Paradise Lost to transpire because he yields so numerous times at so many opportunities to stop Satan. Satan should have been stopped at the very beginning. God must have foreseen this accompanying (the partaking of the forbidden fruit,) after all, does he non have sight of the future, past and pre displace? (Book Three lines 75-80) Sadly, no-one will ever know what God was planning when he allowed Satan to run rampant in the garden.Or then again, maybe God wasnt planning anything at all but earlier leave events to unfold without divine intervention, thus his seeming respect for free will. The only problem with that theory though, is that God punished Adam and Eve for making a decision with the free will that he gav e them. deuce other instances make cases against Gods absolute power. Why was hell so easily get away by Satan? One would think that a Purgatory created by God himself would be impenetrable. Even singular is the case with the Angelic War.Although for the most part symbolic, God either was not capable or at least unwilling to strike master Satans attempted conquest before it began. Instead, God chose once again to remain passive and allow things to go along for awhile. A good challenge to ask at this point is just what are Gods intentions? If he truly treasured a perfect heaven with conformist angels, what is stopping him from taking their free will? That leads to the point that mayhap the reason why Gods influence is limited is his ingest conscience, based on his respect of free will.When God does act in the story, it is almost exclusively indirectly through his Son, (as in Book Nine,) or through his Archangels. The most well-known case where God acts through his Son is when G od sent him down to be sacrificed upon the cross. Although this specific event does not occur at bottom this story, the reasoning behind it is at length discussed especially in Book Three. This however, only supports the thesis if one believes that Jesus is the son of God rather than the Christian view that God IS Jesus.(John, 858) Based on how Milton writes, it shows that he is using the interpretation of the record book in which Jesus was created by God. Jesus plays a sympathetic role when it comes to mankind and often influences Gods decisions on what to do about Adam and Eve. He persuades God to allow him to go down to heaven to inform Adam about his state of sin. In this case, Jesus actually influences God rather than the usual case with God giving orders and Jesus acting carrying them out. God also acts a upsurge through his throng of angels. The archangels are his main instruments of manipulation.Of the seven archangels, Raphael, Michael, and Gabriel are the three most in fluential. God acts through Raphael most often. Raphael plays a large role in starting in Book Five lines 246-249 So spake thEtetnal Father, and fulfilld All Justice nor delayd the winged Saint (Raphael)after his thrill receivd. Raphael then proceeds down to the Garden to warn Adam and Eve of the impending danger present by Satan. Raphael also spends Book Six and Book Seven informing Adam of the war in heaven and then telling him the character of his own creation.Michael and Gabriel have slightly smaller roles than Raphael does but they do get a chance to enact Gods will when he orders them to lead the tight Angels in the war against Satan. The final case to prove Gods limited interactions and influence is when God seems to have to work around rules that he must have created himself. A good example of this is when he prepares for the redemption of man. It simply doesnt make sense that if God desires to redeem his creations that he simply doesnt grant them redemption from their si ns.Instead he schemes up the elaborate plan to identify his son down to receive punishment in place of man. Once again, this could be explained by God having to act within the parameters of what his conscience will allow, (regarding free will). Maybe God has to do these elaborate things so that he can justify to himself the redemption of man. Maybe he thinks that it is only right that somebody receives punishment. Cases similar in nature occur when God didnt keep Satan from entering the Garden of Eden and when he had to send the great flood.If not for his respect for free will, God wouldnt have had to allow mankind to guide so low. In Paradise Lost, Milton presents a God that is strangely limited in his actions and influence with his own creations. Whether through passiveness, indirectness, or a conscious distancing of himself God seems to allow many things to happen without direct intervention. However, this is not really a novel concept people throughout history have questioned the concept of an omnipotent God in a very imperfect world.

Artificial Birth Control

exposition of Artificial Birth Control Artificial comport visualise can be defined as any product, procedure or practice that rehearses imitative or unnatural means to go on gestation period. obstruction methods such as condoms and diaphragms, hormonal methods such as the pill and IUDs, and surgical sterilization procedures such as a vasectomy or hysterectomy are all considered to be bleached assume control methods. Artificial stomach control is as well refers to the hire of any medication, barrier or device to prevent pregnancy.Many people use it instead of or in addition to natural family grooming, which relies on tracking menstrual cycles, body temperature and body of mucus discharge to determine when a woman could conceive. The term artificial birth control is virtually frequently heard in relation to religious teachings on family planning. Many religious groups encourage the use of natural family planning as opposed to artificial birth control, believing that us ing artificial contraception is contrary to Gods will. Certainly, though, there are also non-religious people who choose not to use artificial birth control for personal, ethical or medical reasons.Barrier Method The barrier method is one type of artificial birth control and as the name implies, barrier contraceptives use some sort of barrier to prevent sperm from reaching an egg. Available barrier contraceptives are male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps and contraceptive sponges. spermicide acts as a chemical barrier and therefore also falls into this category. It is also to prevent pregnancy by killing ejaculated sperm. Spermicide is often used in conjunction with barrier birth control. hormonal Method Any type of hormonal contraceptive is considered to be artificial birth control.Although the birth control pill is probably the most common hormonal contraceptive, its far from being the only one. Other operational hormonal contraceptives are the birth control p atch, the vaginal ring, Depo-Provera injections, Lunelle injections and the intrauterine device (IUD). Intra-uterine devices (IUDs) are small devices inserted in a womans uterus. They prevent the fertilization and/or implantation of the egg by changing the mucus around the cervix and the uterine lining. They last for several years. Surgical Sterilization The final type of artificial birth control is surgical sterilization.For men, the sterilization procedure is called a vasectomy. For women, both tubal ligations (also known as having ones tubes tied) and hysterectomies subject sterilization. Its important to understand, though, that a hysterectomy is typically performed for medical reasons, including cancer or endometriosis. For this reason, a hysterectomy is not usually considered artificial birth control. Alternative Methods If you reach decided that artificial birth control methods are not amend for you but you arent yet ready to have a child, you may want to consider natural family planning.Natural family planning involves tracking your temperature or cervical mucus changes to determine your fertile days. On those days, you abstain from sex to keep down pregnancy. The rhythm method finding your ovulation date based on your menstrual cycle and withdrawals are also considered by some to be natural family planning methods. History Artificial birth control methods have been used for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians created vaginal suppositories thought to prevent pregnancy, and many cultures used condoms made of linen or animal intestines.

Forecasting Effects of Cultural Changes

Within todays increasingly ball-shapedly-infused corporate oeuvres, conventional wisdom holds that demographic and/or ethnic transmutation bear compulsively to elevated proceeding by classifys, ag groups, or other divisions of a trans-global corporate entity, thus ultimately enhancing, by association, company products and/or services and the company itself, at groundwork and abroad.As corporate giant Nokias website states, for example (2005), of its own global workforce Respect for individual qualities, as well as a willingness to work together in a constructive, positive, even enjoyable, way , be all essential for high-quality results. Much related research suggests, however, that succession diverse employee skills and abilities in and of themselves may enhance group or team mathematical process, demographic diversity (e. g. differences among workforce members, in terms of address ethnical referential or social background), may carry off from it (Knight, Pearce, Sm ith, Olian , Sims , Smith & Flood, 1999 Jackson, 2003 Hamilton, Nickerson, Jackson, & Owan, May 2004). I will determine factors that, based on research and anecdotal evidence combined, may inflect corporate workforce compatibility or success, exploring both positive and the negative potential set up of demographic and cultural diversity on global and other workplace behavior and performance.In a telephone interview conducted by this researcher, on October 6, 2005, with a friend who is a human resources assistant manager at Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST) based in San Jose, California, a recently-merged company created by the Hitachi-IBM HDD (Hard Disk Drive) company optical fusion of January 2003, A lack of enough good and reach intercultural communications is still contributing a lot, I would say, to lower than expected employee morale (Sindai). However, despite the needed difficulties, misunderstandings, and other company challenges it inevitably brings, globalizat ion is here to stay.According to Alden, for example, in an article on UPSs expansion, oer the past 40 years the number of multinational corporations in the existences fourteen richest countries has gone from 7,000 to 24,000. (6-7). Moreover, as Alden observes, while many companies have marketed internationally for years, to a greater extent and to a greater extent companies are looking to enter the arena of global competition. However, according to Wilbur (2005), in terms of global workplace (or any team or group) performance or behavior, in and of itself, mere diversity of a workforce, or group, team, or other entity deep down that workforce, is non-conclusive.HP High Performance teams are built with . . . complementary skills. . . . a Blend and balance of social styles . . . technical skills, problem solving skills, and semipolitical savvy. . . . They treat differences with respect realizing the survival value in versatility, . . . develop mutual accountability that builds res pect, commitment. High performance teams blow away barriers and boundaries. Typical demographic and/or cultural diversity increasingly found within global conglomerates or other entities like cosmopolitan Telecommunications, Inc. nd others, may contribute to or detract greatly from performance, depending on specific aspects of diversity counsel communications, actions, and philosophies, and various other factors. Optimal workplace performance itself, on the part of any group or team, whatever its internal composition, generally springs from commitment, shared values, and by-line of a common goal (Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian , Sims , Smith & Flood, 1999 Jackson, 2003Wilbur, 2005).Demographic characteristics and/or cultural diversity may contribute to or detract from high-performance teams, but these characteristics alone will not determine performance. They may, however, influence it, in combination with other factors, such as shared or common goals shared values group commitmen t and support, and group synergy (Jackson, 2003 Wilbur, 2005). As Sindai (telephone interview, October 7, 2005), of Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST) also stated After the merger almost three years ago of IBMs and Hitachis Hard Disk Drive HDD) entities in January 2003 about our making more depictions and doing more learn sessions to keep enhancing diversity training.Our office wanted to do more, not notwithstanding what we had done up to the merger, and everyone agreed it was needed. entirely little by little it got moved to the back burner. I count on theres been a feeling, or a hope at least(prenominal), that it would all work itself out in time. But it Sindai added that, after IBM and Hitachis respective hard drive divisions (HDDs) merged in 2003, various clashes, miscommunications, and misunderstandings of two distinct types of cultures emerges. unrivaled was the inevitable initial clash between IBM (an American company) versus Hitachi (a Japanese company) corpora te cultures. Another, which proved to be more chronic, was based on demographic, social, cultural and other miscommunications and misunderstandings, sometimes although not always based on language incompatibilities, among workers from the United States Japan Pakistan China India Sri Lanka Singapore India Mexico Bulgaria and (as Sindai put it) at least ten or xii other places. Results of a more formal study, on make of diversity on group focussing performance, seem to confirm Sindais anecdotal observations. Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian, Sims , Smith & Flood (1999) concluded that Diversity in ability enhances the team productivity if there is significant mutual learning and collaboration within the team, while demographic diversity is likely to harm productivity by making learning and peer pressure less in effect(p) and increasing team-member turnover. Hamilton, Nickerson, Jackson, & Owan (May 2004) found, in a similar study, thatData from 76 high-technology firms in the United S tates and Ireland were used to try three alternative models. The results showed that while demographic diversity alone did have effects on strategical consensus the overall fit of the model was not strong. Adding two intervening group process variables, interpersonal competitiveness and agreement-seeking . . . greatly improved the overall relationship with strategic consensus. For the most part, TMT Total Management Team diversity had negative effects on strategic consensus.Jackson (2003) further concluded that Informational (education and function) diversity was negatively related to group faculty when social category diversity (sex and age) was high, but not when it was low consequences . . . for team conflict were best understand by taking into account interactive effects for specific dimensions of diversity. (p. 803) An interesting and arguably related example, from the world of professional football, and one that starkly and vividly exemplifies workplace diversity training gone awry (i. e. the San Francisco 49ers polemic diversity training tape that was leaked to the press (Ryan, Sunday June 5, 2005)) painfully illustrates how management attitudes anywhere, with any diverse group of people in any occupation, especially vis-a-vis other groups of people, strongly inflect accepted or perceived normal workplace attitudes about diversity (be they positive or negative), potentially polarizing, not unifying, workplace group members.As Ryan states, in analyzing this incident . . . the video, which the team was required to watch, was particularly insulting o deeply religious players. Imagine if a corporation made it mandatory for employees to watch a training video that featured soft-core lesbian porn and a racist depiction of a bumbling, bucktoothed Chinese man. . . because the employees happen to be football players, people seem willing to dismiss it as This incident effectively lampooned diversity training and workplace diversity itself, within an extreme ly high-profile professional, organization, and geographical location (one that possesses enormous cultural diversity among its residents and sports caramel customers) instead of promoting it.The incident also likely reinforced pre-existing stereotypes of many sports and related industry professionals as boorish, intolerant, ignorant, or racist. Admittedly, the San Francisco 49ers football team and its management are non-equivalent, structurally, functionally, or in terms of goals or purpose, to Worldwide Telecommunications Nokia, HGST, or any other large global corporate entity.Nevertheless, the implied lesson, for corporations and managers, contained within this incident is clear (at least to this author) company and group attitudes about diversity and its desirability and value to (and within) an organization, come from the top and migrate downward. Further, positive attitudes about workplace diversity and about diversity in general (which affect workplace attitudes and behavior s, consciously or unconsciously) must be practiced reinforced repeated, and encouraged, in order for workers to embrace and maintain them. one and only(a) other fact that emerges from research combined with interviewee observation of effects of diversity on group performance, and reality combined, is that genuine appreciation for demographic and/or cultural diversity is most powerful and lasting when it grows from within a diverse group itself, rather than being imposed from the outside. Jackson (2003) further explains that most diversity studies fake that diversity influences affective reactions and social processes within teams and organizations.Social processes in turn were assumed to provide the explanations for the effects of diversity on team and/or organizational performance (p. 803). Moreover, according to Jackson Decades of research on similarity and attraction indicate that people tend to dislike dissimilar others, all else being equal. By extension, it has been argued t hat diversity is likely to have negative consequences for affective reactions such as cohesion, satisfaction, and commitment . . . Several wee studies showing that diversity was associated with higher turnover rates seemed to support that conclusion.Recent research on team and organizational diversity SWOT analysis and implications. ) Demographic and/or cultural diversity within transnational corporate workplaces may or may not enhance company performance, depending on the group its members its management and other influences and its implicitly shared (or not shared) values, goals, motivations, and work and other philosophies. Diversity of skill and ability is more likely to enhance group performance than is cultural diversity (Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian, Sims , Smith & Flood, 1999 Jackson, 2003 Hamilton, Nickerson, Jackson, & Owan, May 2004).Winning performance, though, is fit(p) not so much by cultural and/or demographic diversity as by complementary skills synergy shared valu es and goals, and commitment. For optimal transnational workplace performance, demographic and/or cultural diversity must clearly be accompanied, in order to be effective, by personal and dear(p) cohesion among group or team members. In forecasting cultural changes, at World Telecommunications, Inc. and at other, similar entities, then, that particular conclusion, arrived at by researchers managers, and others, alike, might well be kept closely in mind.

High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time Essay

Despite their massive appearance, the largest whales (and in addition the largest predators) have shorter pick time compared to other small fishes. Our hypothesis is that lunge-feeding (the whales feeding demeanor), is energetically expensive resulting to inability to plop at lower depths and at yearlong time intervals. This conceive is aimed at determining how and why the largest whales exhibit shorter dives by examining how lunge-feeding affects their behavior and dive duration. MethodsIn order to determine how and why the largest whales exhibit shorter dive times compared to other fishes, we have to study how its lunge-feeding behavior affects whales overall behavior and their dive time limit. In gathering data, we used remote sensing techniques. In this experiment, we used the TDR time/depth recorders technique since it is the most applicable method considering that the subjects were not in a controlled environment. The TDRs actually recorded the oxygen level of each tagge d whale. After almost time, the TDRs were collected and the results were examine through specialized software that translates the data from the TDRs.Results showed that the whales move faster when at the ascent (or climbing) portion of the dive while it showed that whales move significantly slower during descent. Recovery time spent at the egress was also viewed as an important factor in determining the effect of lunge-feeding. Our tests showed that there is a correlation between the number of lunges and the time spent recovering at the surface. Finally, using optimality models, we were able to compare the results of the actual study to the predicted outcome.The result was a common cost for lunge dives which indicated the high goose egg cost during lunge dives resulting to shorter dive duration. Results and Discussion Results of this experiment showed that there is a relationship between the number of lunges and the surface recovery intervals. The TDR outline showed that whales move faster during ascent and move significantly slower when at descent. This indicated that lunge-feeding is energetically expensive. We were able to measurement the high energy cost of lunge-feeding using the remote sensing technique.Whales usually recover at the surface after each dive and the length of stay at the surface is relative to the number of lunges it makes during the dive. The more than lunges the whales make during feeding, the more time it spent at the surface for recovery. The optimality models showed the relative differences between the lunging-costly model versus the no-cost model. In the lunging-costly model, observed forage depths, vertical speed, number of lunges, time spent recovering at the surface, are some of the variables that were examined to provide an outright solution. ConclusionBased on the results of this experiment, it has been found out that lunge-feeding in large whales is an energetically expensive activity. Using the TDR technique to record t he energy cost of lunge, we were able to deduce that the more lunges a whale makes, the more time it spends recovering at the surface, usually regaining oxygen levels. Therefore, the high energy requirements of lunge-feeding limit the dive time and depth of dive in large whales. Reference Acevedo-Gutierrez, A. , Croll, D. A. , and Tershy, B. R. (2002). High victuals Costs Limit Dive Time in the Largest Whales. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 1747-1753.

Neo Natal Death In Jamaica Health And Social Care Essay

Interviews and treatment groups get verboten be held with effeminate pargonnts sampled from the major infirmaries located in Kingston. Participants exit be twosome(a)s who reach find outd a perinatal discharge within the last 6 grey-haired ages and the subsequent effects of this want. Data impart be coded thematically with specific mentions to country of abode, educational grade, ethnicity, phase of gestation way out and age. A Depression Inventory descale will be a major instrument to help in finding the presence and degree of depression in some of these twosomes. Depending on the schemes that will be utilize to place sample countries and participants, the issue to which findings can be generalised may be limited. The survey will supply fresh penetrations into how with child(p) fe potents who develop experienced perinatal personnel casualty would profit from intercessions to assist them through anxiety-filled gestations and trade with the stressors they may introd uce in spiritedness. Challenges or obstructions in this survey may include high rates of accompaniment amongst gestational age of issue and cordial health before the exhalation, accompaniments of perinatal harm with other serious life hardships, age of oncoming, figure of populating kids and trouble in doing causal illations.Chapter 1 IntroductionBackground to the job proterozoic gestation loss is a complicated psychological concomitant that occurs in 12 % to 24 % of accepted gestations ( Carter D, Misri & A Tomfohr 2007 ) . This is non the same as Neonatal or perinatal loss. Perinatal includes early neonatal loss every bit good as spontaneous abortions. Neonatal losingss are those babes born alive and throttle within a hebdomad ( early ) or 28 yearss ( late ) . Still births are those babes which are born dead that likely would hold survived ( Feasible ) normally gestational age over 24weeks ( some still say 28 hebdomads ) or birth weight of more than 500grams. If you inc lude losingss before this flow rate so this includes self-generated abortions which would include the early gestation losingss above. Many of these are non even recognised, but legion(predicate) will hold a similar consequence on the bad female as you have pointed out above.Harmonizing to Carter et.al ( 2007 ) , pornographic females who have experienced perinatal deceases frequently have common mourning reactions, and musical composition for most adult females, the strength and experience of these reactions diminishes over break off, a significant minority of adult females will develop long term psychiatric effects. Depression, symptoms of anxiousness, Obsessive Compulsive overthrow, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are the most normally reported psychological reactions to miscarriage. Harmonizing to Hutti ( 2005 ) , this loss is besides associated with self-destruction and matrimonial struggle. Although research has indicated that perinatal loss can ensue in serious upset s of depression and anxiousness, it has been noted that some adult females display important sums of resiliency ( Carter et.al, 2007 ) . Carter farther stated that the positive side of this resiliency may lurch harmonizing to the individual, household construction and the relationship with the male parent.Preliminary scrutiny of this job by Neugebeaur and Sergievsky ( 2003 ) indicates that there is a higher degree of depressive symptoms among adult females who have experienced a perinatal loss than among adult females who have non been pregnant within recent times. ( make you mean to utilize these adult females as controls for your survey? ) They postulated that depressive symptoms were more likely to be seen in the 6-8 hebdomad achievement following the loss, than those who did non hold a recent period of loss. Although age was a noteworthy factor in this survey, the womenaaa?s matrimonial position, figure of kids, ethnicity and educational degree did non significantly affect the consequences. This supports the necessity for deciding this job by turn toing the possibility of psychogenic instabilities every bit good as turn toing other factors such as clip, which may jounce the loss. The experience of a neonatal decease can be viewed as one of the many factors associated with psychiatric upsets in adult females. The primary aim of this survey is to larn more to the highest degree the result of this link and the clip frame in which the adult females are affected. ( Is your instrument able to separate the difference amongst exogenic depression ( which is the normal bereavement procedure we all go through with the loss of a loved one ) versus endogenous depression which is the psychiatric unwellness that can be triggered by the loss?Research inquiry / aimAre depression and anxiousness typical in adult females who experience neonatal deceases in Jamaica? ( Depression and anxiousness are normal responses to loss ) . The inquiry should be about true Endogeno us depression and important anxiousness ( psychiatric jobs ) .Sub-Topics1 ) Nature of the experience of the neonatal loss experience gestational age 2 ) Factors that may predispose them to psychological effects poorness, old mental wellness, any other environmental stressor 3 ) Possible get bying mechanisms after neonatal loss experience cognition of cause of decease, affect on future gestation 4 ) The prevalence and extent of depression/psychological and psychiatricupsets in adult females after miscarriage/pregnancy loss.Purpose of the analyzeThis survey originated as a part to informed argument on mental wellness prevalent policy issues and to border intercessions that will convey hope to adult females who are surrounded by the challenges of their loss while they reenter society. The accomplishments of this survey should be ( 1 ) to test at least 30 twosomes ( pilot survey, of import survey 250/300 topics ( How did you cipher this sample size? You should happen out how prevaili ng these factors are in pregnant adult females without gestation loss and so find what figure you need to arrive a important addition in Numberss over the expected ) ( Wissart et al 2005 ) , who have experienced neonatal loss at primary degree of intercession. ( 2 ) To supply therapy for twosomes who are sing terrible psychological cause to be perceived due to a neonatal loss. ( 3 ) To raise consciousness of the possible behavioral and social issues of male parents who are considered the soundless spouses in this type of loss. In add-on, the survey is being driven by my individualised experiences of three neonatal deceases over seven old ages and the deficiency of available intercession at the clip of the events and my preferable and successful agencies of covering with this challenge. Are you certain you want to acquire so personal? I would go forth this out even if this is what is you chief motive. This is your personal info and is non truly needed to acquire the survey accept ed ) deduction of the surveyThe societyaaa?s concern with wellness refers to both mental and physical wellness. This survey sets out to understand the effects of this loss and the attendant traumatic consequences. The extent to which this loss affects twosomes, and the information garnered from this research will supply extra information sing the ensuing mental upsets to medical checkup practicians, counsellors and mental wellness professionals. This cognition can help to supply solutions for effectual intercession sing the mental, societal and economic nurture of the affected twosomes and their households. By deriving an penetration of the job, the apprehension of mental wellness of adult females and their spouses will be addressed, with the male parents being recognized as a participant in the event of the loss. In lending to the pool of cognition, there will be insight to assist beef up households, and obtain the cooperation, misgiving and support of others.Boundary lines and restrictions of the surveyThe comparatively little sample size and the schemes used to try countries and participants will restrict the extent to which findings can be generalized. Therefore, the survey should be repeated on a larger graduated table, with countries and participants being indiscriminately sampled.The survey will non try to find which of the environmental stressors has caused the job. The survey will non try to find which of the variables causes a greater consequence on the adult females.Significance of the surveyThe societyaaa?s concern with wellness refers to both mental and physical wellness. This survey sets out to understand the effects of this loss and the attendant traumatic consequences. The extent to which this loss affects twosomes, and the information garnered from this research will supply extra information sing the ensuing mental upsets, to medical practicians, counsellors and other mental wellness professionals. This cognition can help to supply solutio ns for effectual intercession sing the mental, societal and economic development of the twosomes affected and their households. By deriving an penetration of the job, the apprehension of mental wellness of adult females and their spouses will be addressed, with the male parents being recognized as a participant in the event of the loss. In lending to the pool of cognition, there will be insight to assist beef up households, and obtain the cooperation, understanding and support of others.Boundary lines and restrictions of the surveyThe comparatively little size of the sampling and the schemes used to try countries and participants, will do the extent to which findings can be generalised to be limited. Therefore, the survey should be repeated on a larger graduated table, with countries and participants being indiscriminately sampled.The survey will non try to find which of the environmental stressors has caused the job. The survey will non try to find which of the variables causes a g reater consequence on the adult females.