The U.S. Navy Essay Example for Free

The U.S. Navy EssaySubstance abuse is a condition in which the individual utilizes chemical nubble substances that alter mood and behavior in a maladaptive manner, causing significant distress and failure to function normally at home, workplace, school or in social settings. Some individuals may also do dangerous acts or get themselves in trouble with the law. Some of the substances which can be apply include alcohol, marijuana, stimulants, tobacco, cocain, etc. The incidences of substance abuse are sort of high in the navy.Substance abuse is often linked with several unsolvable problems in life especially at the workplace or concerning personal issues. Individuals who cannot cope with these problems turn to alcohol, cocaine, cannabis and other substance to relieve their distress. The US Navy is quite strict about substance abuse, and maintains a zero tolerance policy both during duty and after duty, or offshore and afloat. According to this policy, misuse of drugs or alcoho l in the Navy is not suited in maintaining the high standard of performance, discipline and promptness.It destroys the navys goal of installing pride and understanding of professionalism However, several individuals in the navy may have a drug problem, and the leaders should try to retain much(prenominal) staff and help them to get plunk for to normal life and functioning. The Navy has lost several of its sailors due to substance abuse, which has resulted in a number of families getting destroyed. A survey conducted by the part of Defense in 1980 found that 46% of the navy personnel used cannabis during the last 1 month.Out of these, about 26% confessed that they had been under the baffle of drugs at their work. The incidences of cannabis use were especially high in individuals who had experienced a traumatic event at their work. Cannabis is one of the most employ drugs in the navy. There is a common misconception that cannabis use is safer than smoking tobacco. However, studi es conducted showed that smoking cannabis significantly increased the risk of create cancers of the head, neck and the lungs. more individuals also felt that it was easier to quit cannabis use.However, studies conducted on individuals trying to quit the habit showed that they had severe problems including sleeplessness, irritability and aggression. Amongst all positive urine test results, cocaine accounted for 14% to 22% in Navy personnel in the last four years. Cocaine can be consumed through various means such as smoking, snorting, etc. The drug makes the individual feels euphoric, energetic, mentally alert and sensitive to various stimuli. Cocaine produces several ill-effects on the heart, blood vessels, lungs, nerves and the brain.In developing a program to combat substance abuse in the navy, it is very important to make the participants understand the ill-effects and the risks associated with substance abuse. The program has to include certain(p) aims, goals, objectives and t he certain means have to be implemented in a planned manner to attain these goals. The main aim of the program is to stop illicit substance use by the navy personnel. The goals of the program include educating the participants about various signs/indications through which substance abuse can be recognized. They should also be improve about the ill-effects, risk and consequences of the drug use.

Three Kings (1999) Dir. by D.O. Russell Essay Example for Free

Three Kings (1999) Dir. by D.O. Russell EssayThree Kings is based on the events of the disconnect contend and portrays Iraqi rebellions against Saddam Hussein. The movie describes adventures of fours soldiers who steal a gold bullion. This work belongs to state of war adventure movies and anti-war films. Disillusioned by war casualties and cruelty they saw during cease Storm Operation, the soldiers kill one of Iraqis and find a docu workforcet (a map). Cruz, a young journalist, tells her lover gates about recent rumors, and Gates convinces the men that this map will help them to find 23 million (a gold bullion) in Saddams bunkers. The journey begins.The main part of the movie vividly portrays hardship and grievances faced by native Iraqi population. The main characters rescue Iraqi prisoners, their coverer and several Americas. Barlow is caught by Iraqi soldiers and taken to a bunker. Barlow calls him wife but one of the soldiers interrupts him and subjects to tortures. To gether with deserters, the commands free Barlow.They find gold. In order to save their lives and reach Iranian border, Gates pays huge sums of money to drivers. When they reach the border, they argon caught by American solder. In order to free the Shiites refugees, they give the rest of the gold to this American soldier. In several years, Barlow becomes a prosperous businessman and his admirer Elgin an advisor to movies. The stolen gold was returned to Kuwait.This movie portrays great sufferings and pain faced by American soldiers during the Gulf War. The idea that all the suffering were for nothing was simply unbearable (Vernon 2001). The horrible reality of the war is therefore transformed into what one might call the Myth. The key members of this battlefield brotherhood are Elgin and Barlow, the contemporary warriors who because of their skills and indifference to their give survival perfectly fit definition of the ideal encounter soldier. Their foil is Iraqi military, who wi th their background, conscience, and critical attitude toward peace and fellow-soldiers are outsiders from the circle.The choices of the characters are influenced by irritability and heroic actions of other soldiers and brutality of war. In this new environment, all men are natural leaders. These grunts also understand what is needed to survive in combat operations. Because of their poverty and lack of money, they are not part of the mainstream back in the World. But once reaching Iraq, they assume new identities, as signified by their nicknames, feel pride in their combat skills, and acquire a sense of belonging and meaning in their lives-even if that meaning is only helping themselves and their friends stay alive.What bonds them is their crowning(prenominal) trust in each other, their combat skills, their love-hate relationship with the wars violence and absurdity, and their strong sense of being abandoned by the people at home. Overall, this movie praises the fleck spirit and self-sacrifice of this small unit of soldiers. Critics Berardinelli (1999) admit that the action sequences are expertly directed, and Russell develops tension because were never sure whos issue to survive or whats going to happen next. The desire to save their friend Barlow vividly portrays that friendship and comradeship, honor, courage, pride, and loyalty are the main qualities which help soldiers to survive during the Gulf War (Arnold 1999).The bearing of Three Kings lies in the descriptions of combat- oral communication, events, emotions, conflicts, and tragedies inherent in the physical and psychological realities of war. D.O. Russell has a remarkable understanding of the combat soldiers psychological relationships to Iraq. He also has an ear for the grunts language and an eye for the precise details conveying the horrors and miseries of war. Taking into account historical context of the movie, the four men are reluctantly pulled into a civil war between the Iraqi villagers a nd members of Saddam Husseins oppressive Republican Guard, which is torturing and killing anyone without a uniform (Vice 1999).Most impressive is the authentic grunt dialogue pervading the address patterns, vulgarities, jargon, fear, threats, hate, and black humor. We can guess the exact meaning and significance of actions taking into account real historical events and choices of the characters. In contrast to many other war movies, the aim of this work is to force viewers to rethink meaning and significance of human relations during war and value the role and importance of friendship in human relations. The benefit of this movie is the brutal realism and exhaustive detail of the day-to-day life of a combat soldier.This movie portrays the evolution of a soldier and gives viewers a feel for war. Critics (Arnold 2000) admit that the irony of the movie is reasoned battlefield strategies which do not defeat enemies, but the blunderings of an incompetent major lead to victory. As a war movie, D.O. Russell unveils the horrors of the Gulf War and its political context. Thus, the graphic scenes are, at times, almost poetic in their litany of death, gruesome details, and horrific human demolition (Berardinelli 1999).In this movie, soldiers glorious moments on the battlefield are absent the resulting oppressive spiritual darkness pervading the narrative is not so much a significance of individuals actions but a product of the political, social, and military systems in which the soldiers have existed. Unlike many war stories, D.O. Russell introduces a strong political undertone and often, unsuccessfully, attempts to move out-of-door from the fictional memoir to a more developed dramatic plot.From this assignment I leant that actions and personal qualities of the characters provide reasons to believe that glorious moments of heroism, honor, and self-sacrifice regularly keep on the battlefield, and that a brotherhood of strong bonds of attachment and mutual concern, i s widespread among combat soldiers. The knowledge of history and political situation can help viewers to understand war movies and their meaning.ReferencesArnold, G. (1999, October 1) Three Kings No Crowning Achievement. The Washington Times, p. 5Berardinelli, J. Three Kings. Retrieved 24 April 2007, form http//www.reelviews.net/movies/t/3kings.htmlThree Kings. Dir. by D.O. Russell (2000) Warner Home Video.Vice, J. (1999). Desert News. Retrieved 24 April 2007, form http//deseretnews.com/movies/view/1,1257,70000069,00.htmlVernon, A. (2001 Winter) The Gulf War and Postmodern Memory. The Wilson Quarterly, 25, p. 37.

Conversational Valence and Binge Drinking Relationship

Conversational Valence and Binge Drinking RelationshipResultsManipulation guardFirst, a manipulation check was conducted in launch to check if the different agrees (valency and active agentness) led to the intended confirming/electro damaging and active/passive responses, respectively. For this purpose, univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAS) were conducted with valence conditions as in subordinate and valence as dependent variables. The results revealed a statistically substantial effect of valence condition on the participants valence F(1,129) 80.94, p=.000, (M=3.80, SD=1.41) and on the partners valence F(1,129) 61.09, p=.000, (M=3.93, SD=1.50). Furthermore, the results revealed a statistically epoch-making effect of the participants bodily process condition on the train of activeness F(1,129) 41.73, p=.000, (M=4.47, SD=1.53) and a marginally significant effect of the partners activeness F(1,129) 3.76, p=.055, (M=5.09, SD=1.25).Additionally, we examined the limit to wh ich participants followed the instructions and responded to the assigned role. For this reason, we conducted a crosstabulation check, which indicated that the 63.6% of the individuals assigned to the blackball condition, comprehend the conversation as prohibit whereas 33.3% as uncomplete negatively charged nor positive and 3.0% as positive. Also, 53.8% of the individuals in the positive condition perceive the conversation as positive, whereas 30.8% and 15.4% of the participants comprehend the conversation as nevery negative nor positive, and negative, respectively. Moreover, 52.9% of the individuals in the passive condition perceived that they cast off spoken passively. However, the majority (84.1%) of the individuals assigned to the active condition perceived that they stomach spoken as instructed.1The effect of colloquial valence on shove drinkable determinantsTo investigate H1 (i.e. whether conversational valence influenced attitude, inwrought norm, perceived behavi oral go over, and intention towards female chest alcoholic beverageism) quaternary univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) were conducted with conversational valence condition as the independent variable and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral take, and intention as the dependent variables. The results indicated a significant main effect of valence on attitude F(1,129) 8.53, p=.004, which means that participants with positive conversational valence close to alcohol received high squeeze drinking attitude (M=3.85, SD=1.32) than those with negative (M=3.20, SD=1.23). Similarly, a significant main effect of valence on perceived behavioral control F(1,129) 4.82, p=.030 was indicated, revealing that those in who were engaged in positively valence conversation had higher perceived behavioral control (M=4.48, SD=1.90) than those in negatively valence conversation (M=3.75, SD=1.93). Furthermore, a marginally significant main effect on subjective norm F(1,129) 3.25, p=. 074, was revealed. This means that participants with positive conversational valence had higher subjective norm (M=3.61, SD =1.62) than those with negative (M=3.09, SD=1.70). However, a non-significant main effect on intention F(1,129) 0.08, p=.782. was found, and the binge drinking intention did non differ significantly across the two valence conditions (M=2.48, SD=1.51 and M=2.40, SD=1.70 respectively).As it is revealed, positive conversational valence about alcohol elicits more positive binge drinking attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control compared to negative conversational valence. Moreover, more positive binge drinking intention is indicated in positively valenced conversations, although the difference is non statistically significant. Therefore, agree to these results, H1 was largely back up.Furthermore, match to previous seek, four linear regression analyses with conversational valence as the predictor and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behav ioral control and intention as the dependent variables were conducted in order to explore if the conversational valence predicts the binge drinking determinants. The results are presented in Table 1. A more negative conversational valence about alcohol significantly predicts more negative attitude (=.25, p=.004) and perceived behavioral control (=.02, p=.030) toward binge drinking. Also, a more negative conversational valence about alcohol marginally significantly predicts more negative subjective norm towards binge drinking (=.16, p=.074). However, binge drinking intention is not significantly predicted by the conversational valence (=.02, p=.782).Table 1 Relationships between conversational valence and attitude, subjective norm perceived behavioral control, and intentionThe effect of activeness and conversational valence on alcohol determinantsIn order to explore the effect of activeness on attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intentions as head as the inte raction between activeness and conversational valence, four univariate ANOVAs were conducted with conversational valence and activeness as the independent variables, and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention as the dependent variables. The results revealed a non significant effect (p F(1,127) .69, p=.409, perceived behavioral control F(1,127) .69, p=.409, subjective norm F(1,127)1.08, p=.301, and intentions F(1,127) 1.28, p=.260. Additionally, the results revealed a non-significant interaction effect between valence and activeness (attitude F(1,127) 1.44, p=.233, perceived behavioral control F(1,127) 1.38, p=.537, subjective norm F(1,127)1.00, p=.319 and intention F(1,127) .40, p=.527).The result scores of the key variables of the record can be found in bod 1.Figure 1 Mean scores of binge drinking determinants across valence and activeness conditionsConcluding, our results indicate that whereas conversational valence significantly influences binge drinking determinants (attitude, perceived control, subjective norm), the level of active participation in a conversation had no significant effect on these factors.DiscussionThe main objective of the study was to provide a profound understanding of the influence of interpersonal communication on alcohol determinants, by manipulating two different facets conversational valence and level of active participation in the conversation. We first hypothesized that a more positive (negative) conversational valence about alcohol elicits more positive (negative) binge drinking attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control and increases (decreases) binge drinking intention (Hypothesis 1). An additional hypothesis was that the influence of conversational valence depends on the level of active participation in the conversation about alcohol (Hypothesis 2). The results of the study partly supported H1, but not H2. Two important conclusions can be worn-out based on our results. Firs t, when participants speak positively (negatively) about alcohol, their attitude, behavioral control, subjective norm towards binge drinking are more positive (negative). However, the intention to (refrain from) binge drinking is not significantly influenced by the conversational valence. Second, there is neither significant effect of the level of activeness in the conversation on alcohol determinants, nor a significant interaction effect of the activeness with the conversational valence.The first main conclusion fantasyually replicates previous results, which proposed that the conversational valence in alcohol-related discussions influences the binge drinking determinants (e.g. Hendriks et al. 2012). Nevertheless, the results of the current study do not indicate a significant influence of the conversational valence on the intention to binge drink. Although, the concept of conversational valence has also been addressed in previous research (e.g. Hendriks, De Bruijn, Van den Putte, 2012 Hendriks et al., 2012), this study was the first to examine this factor by manipulating it. Thus, the departure between the current study and previous research may be due to differences in research designs. As the conversational valence was experimentally manipulated in this study, it is assumed that conversational valence causally provokes changes in binge drinking predictors.However, the fact that participants are instructed to speak in either a positive or a negative way about alcohol, may be opposed to their actual views (negative/positive) and role (passive/active) in a conversation resulting in a non significant effect of the conversation in their binge drinking intention. Therefore, although an instructed conversation may be effective in influencing attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, it is not sufficient and may take a longer time to change the participants intention to binge-drink. Additionally, according to previous studies (Jamison and Mye rs, 2008) the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was relatively debilitated in explaining intention to binge-drink. Also, it was found (Armitage Conner, 2001) that the TPB accounted for only 39% of variance in the intention to binge drink. Thus, as Gibbond, Houlihan Gerrard, 2009) supported, the TPB cannot thoroughly define the irrational nature of wellness risk behaviours.An additional finding is that participants reported a high level of perceived behavioural control (PBC) in all the four conditions and showed the largest differences between the valence and between the activeness conditions. Notably, as Norman, Bennettand Lewis (1998) supported, the control factor is the most important determinant in binge drinking. Moreover, as previous research suggested, perceived behavioural control and subjective norm may affect intention indirectly through attitude formation (Susanto Goodwin, 2013 Chung et al., 2012 Tarkiainen Sundqvist, 2005)..As in other studies in the domain of binge-d rinking (Johnston et al., 2003), in our research we employed single construct measures of general perceived behavioral control (we do not distinguish between self-efficacy and perceived controllability), which tap the extent to which behavioral performance is believed to be easy or difficult (Armitage Corner, 2001). Admittedly, research revealed that only self-efficacy predicts binge-drinking intention (Norman, 2011 Normal et al., 2007). Further research distinguishing these two comp whizznts of perceived behavioral control is therefore required.We suggest one reason for the non-significant influence of perceived behavioural control on intention to binge drinkIn addition, the minute of arc goal of this study was to introduce a new factor that may influence the effect of interpersonal communication about alcohol on binge drinking determinants. For this purpose, we investigated how the level of activeness in a conversation (active vs. passive) influences binge drinking predictors an d how this interacts with the effect of conversational valence in conversations about alcohol. In order to investigate this we instructed participants to speak either actively or passively in positively or negatively valenced alcohol conversations. This factor has not been explicitly explored in the past, thus this research provides preliminary evidence on this topic.Although no significant main effect of activeness on alcohol determinants was found in the analyses, positive valence and high activeness in the conversation result in the most unhealthy alcohol determinants (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention), as predicted. Respectively, negative valence and high activeness result in the most healthy alcohol attitude.Overall, despite encouraging results from the manipulation checks, the hypotheses were partly (H1) or not supported (H2). In fact, further exploration of the manipulation outcome revealed significant deviations from the instructed valence a nd activeness conditions, thus a great percentage of participants demonstrated either that they have not complied with the manipulation or that they unconsciously deviated from the instructions.On the one hand, it may be possible that some participants were affected by their existed views when discussing about alcohol and resisted to the counter-attitudinal subject such that they did not talk in line with the condition that they were assigned to. One the other hand, people may have perceived the valence that they have talked differently comparatively to how they did actually talk. As recent research suggested, ( Hendriks, Van de Putte de Bruijn, 2015) perceived valence significantly influences attitudes and intention to binge drink.Similarly, personal characteristics (talkative/ concise) of people may intervene in the way that they finally act during the discussion. In particular, as the analyses demonstrated, only 52,9 of the participants who were instructed to talk passively, pe rceived their role in the conversation as passive. Generally, extroverts who fate to talk more, perhaps they didnt support the instructed passive role hence the difference between the two conditions hasnt influenced significantly the alcohol determinants itself, nor interacted with the valence condition to Markedly, there wasnt an effective way to take into consideration the partners evaluations during the main analyses, rendering some items partly ineffective to objectively evaluate the content of conversations about alcohol. Nonetheless, according to the shared reality theory (Hardin Higgins, 1996), there is an interdependence between dyad partners responses on the outcomes of interest that may also influence the attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and intention toward binge drinking. As this theory suggests, through the process of interpersonal communication, discoursers come to a shared understanding of the world, mutually reinforcing one anothers experien ce.Nevertheless, in real life settings, these determinants may influence how negatively or positively people talk about alcohol-related topics, thus conversational valence and activeness can influence the determinants of binge drinking behavior, and these binge drinking determinants may inversely influence whether and how positively/negatively or actively/passively people discuss this issue.ImplicationsThe present findings have important implications for understanding binge-drinking and developing health interventions.we found support for the effect of conversational valence on attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Therefore, in future health campaigns, targeted in creating more negative attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (but not intention) to binge drink, an effective strategy to use would be to stimulate people to discuss negatively about alcohol.To change attitudes towards binge drinking, interventions should highlight the negati ve consequences associated with binge drinking and challenge the perceived positive consequences of binge drinking. AlternativelyBut if it was the change of intention/behavior= another campaign planning would be neededLimitationsThis study adds to a growing body of research examining factors predicting binge drinking among student populations, however, there is a number of methodological issues that should be considered when see the results. First, binge drinking attitudes, subjective norm and PBC were measured using self-reports, which are vulnerable to cognitive (e.g., Luchins, 1957), affective (e.g., Bower, 1992) and self-presentational (e.g., Paulhus, 2002) biases. Armitage and Conner (2001) reported that the TPB provides stronger predictions of self-report behaviors than observed behaviors. Therefore employing alternative data-based techniques (e.g. nominated peers) may be useful in revealing the qualities of the drinking environment that directly influence binge drinking (Van de Goor et al.,1990) although these also have their feature limitations (Gill, 2002)Another limitation is as other studies using the TPB to understand student binge drinking behavior, they have not examined beliefs about drinking alcohol. Given that according to Ajzen (1991), beliefs are the ultimate psychological determinants of behavior one needs to alter those beliefs (Ajzen, 2007) in order to bring about change in behaviour, or at least intentions to perform a behaviour, Thus, to design interventions to alter intentions to binge drink in students, one needs to know not only what are the owing(p) beliefs regarding this behaviour in this population, but also which beliefs are associated with intentions and behaviour (Sutton, 2002 Sutton, 2010).-Manipulation of activenessOur sample included English-speaking students with different cultures, thus different perception of (binge) drinking. Interestingly, research has shown that the societys culture of alcohol determines how much pe ople drink in that community (Heath, 1982).Communities with a culture of drinking have much higher rates of binge drinking, while communities where drinking is disapproved have lower binge drinking ratesConclusionConsidering the prevalence of binge drinking as well as the damaging consequences especially in young people we conducted this research in the context of alcohol in student populations.This research highlights the need to pass the context in which conversations about alcohol are examined. More effective measurement tools in research about alcohol, coupled with improvements in alcohol prevention, lead hopefully lead to a downward trend of alcohol use among students and the negative consequences of binge drinking .Therefore, when participants were instructed to discuss about alcohol in either positive or negative aspect, their attitude, subjective norm and behavioral control were influenced by the conversational content whereas intention to refrain from binge drinking was n ot significantly affected by the conversation1 A univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to check whether the active condition influenced feelings of power. The results indicated a marginally significant effect of activeness on mean power F(1,129) 3.22, p=.07. Thus, participants who were assigned in the active condition have experienced feelings of power M=5.29, SD=0.69 more in comparability to those who had been assigned to the passive condition (M=5.04, SD=.92). However, no statistically significant effect of valence on mean power was revealed F(1,129) .001, p=.971.

The Importance of Family Meals

The Importance of Family MealsThe Importance of Family MealsIntroductionWhether it is dinner, breakfast, or lunch, family meals offer an opportunity for alone family members to pass quantify enjoying each others company and good food. In many occasions, mealtimes might be the only occasion many families pull in a chance to congregate as a unit. Eating meals as a family provides a huge opportunity to form and strengthen domestic bonds as members engage each other in conversations. Also, look for examines that family meals benefit members of the household in terms of nutrition, academic performance, spending and manners. This expressive article highlights the nine major benefits of family meals.The Benefits of Eating as a FamilyThe advantages of eating meals as a family be as followsCommunication and Well-BeingDialogue during mealtimes provides an opportunity for the family to plan, learn, and bond with one another. It is a chance to chat about circumstances of the day as paren ts give additional attention to their children. Family meals foster love, warmth, security and feeling of belonging. Eating together as a household is not merely about food, but knowing about the wellbeing of one another. Sharing meals with loved ones is like a special event that almost assumes the form of a ceremony, which has always been practiced since time immemorial. Besides the appreciation of the food and the effort that went into making it, there are numerous well-disposed elements, much(prenominal) as learning how to conduct conversations, listen, serve others, compromise and solve conflicts which come into play when a household shares meals (TheHJGroup, 2013). Role ModelingFamily mealtime is the best time to display and teach one another appropriate meal etiquette, table manners, and social skills by keeping the mood relaxed, light, and loving. Family members try lead by utilization and not to criticize or instruct. Eating together offers an opportunity to exercise grat itude through prayer or sharing the thing members are thankful for prior to eating. Family meals grant the opportunity to convey the attitudes and determine of a household from one generation to another Children puke be taught by their parents or grandparents about the values that are significant to the family. Family meals are also an ideal approach to link up household members with their ethnic or cultural heritage, because differing foods might reflect the typical ethnic tastes or cultural traditions of their familys background (TheHJGroup, 2013).ExplorationFamily meals enable family members to expand and explore the world round them one diet at a time. Members of the family can encourage each other to try out new foods, without bribing or coercing. They can introduce new foods accompanied by some of their favorites. Parents and children can select new recipes from cookbooks, web sites, magazines or newspapers. Trying out new foods, particularly from different parts of the wo rld is like exploration or outset a new hobby. It magnifies the experience, knowledge, and skills of the household members (TheHJGroup, 2013).Nourishment and RelaxationMeals that take hold been prepared and consumed at lieu are generally more nutritious. They comprise more vegetables, fruits, and dairy products as well as extra nutrients such as vitamins A and C, fiber, and calcium. Moreover, home cooked foods are not usually deep-fried or highly salted like take-away meals. Plus, consumption of sweetened beverage is frequently low at the table as family members ought to take natural blended juices. Recent researches show that family meals are connected to a low risk of obesity in both children and adults because when people eat at home they typically consume a balanced diet.Also, eating together helps family members relax. Before or after having a long day away from home, parents and children can benefit from the pleasure of cooking and enjoying their meal. non only does this give you them a chance to calm down, it prepares them for the day or for a peaceful, rejuvenating sleep.Self-SufficiencyFamily meals provide self-sufficiency to household members because it allows them to know how to plan and piddle meals. Both basic and complex cooking preparations are requirements for being self-sufficient. Parents can involve their family members in grocery shopping, menu planning, and food preparation. Young children can slice bananas, tear lettuce, and set the table while older children can do tasks, such as peeling vegetables. Teenagers can grill, dice, chop, and bake. Working together puts meals faster on the table and makes everybody more responsible. Prevention of Destructive BehaviorsResearch indicates that frequent family meals (five or more per week) are linked to low rates of drinking, smoking, and illegal drug iniquity in teenagers and pre-teens compared to households that do not eat together. Even as the schedules of older children get more comple x, it is vital for parents to make efforts to have meals together.Studies by Columbia Universitys National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse show that children who do not have meals with their family members at least twice every week were 40% more likely to indulge in alcohol and drugs, not to eat healthily, and report being distant from their parents than youngsters who eat with their parents often.Better Academic PerformancesIt has been prove that children perform better academically when they have more meals with their family members. Mealtime discussions translate into success in class. As children listen to their parents and other members talk, they learn essential language abilities, such as new reading and vocabulary skills. These skills are necessary for expressing oneself verbally and comprehending what is read, thus they help children perform better on tests in school. According to research by University of Illinois, children who eat more than five times per week wi th their family members tend to have high academic performance than their peers who habitually eat away from home or eat alone. Cost ReductionHome cooked meals are much cheaper than fast foods. Families do not need to spend a lot of bills to prepare tasty meals because they can look up for cheap and simple recipes from cheap vegetarian foods to healthy snacks on a low budget of under $3 per serving. Meals bought outside the home are generally two to four times costly than meals made at home. FunFamily meals are fun. Through sharing meals and victorious time to converse about what the family members are experiencing in term of flavors, they are more likely to have fun and be mindful of the food. This results in change digestion and enjoyment of the food. Family meals are also fun because they are taken and enjoyed in a cool and relaxed setting. ConclusionIn conclusion, the benefits of family meals go beyond nutrition. Eating as a family has multiple advantages in many other aspect s as well.Family meals are healthier and they provide an occasion for household members to sit around the table, enjoy, relax, discuss and adore themselves for preparing a meal that is more likely to be nutritious than one that they would have purchased outside the house. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that children who have more meals with other family members are the less likely to engage in illegal behavior, such as smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. These children also perform well in school, have high self-esteem, and do not develop eating disorders.Family meals are a tradition and the cornerstone of the home because they offer self-sufficiency, reduce costs, and provide fun.BibliographyKolker, C. (2011). The Immigrant Advantage What We stand Learn from Newcomers to America about Health, Happiness and Hope. New York Simon and Schuster.TheHJGroup. (2013, October 23). Successful Entrepreneur on The Importance of Family Meals. Retrieved April 12, 2015, from YouTube https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdzaZL6AdYgNote to student Include the standby source from your schools library databases in the bibliography above.

The Low Cost Housing Pandemic Construction Essay

The Low Cost Housing Pandemic Construction EssayThis look for report has been compiled for the purpose of providing an cost-efficient and effective solution to the glaring hold pandemic currently prevalent in southernmost Africa.The South Afri privy presidency has to some consummation, through the Re building and Development Programme (RDP), realised their financial obligation as mentioned above however, the desired results set astir(predicate) non yet been achieved. It has been a daunting task for the regimen to provide lodgment to the vast population of autochthonal people, so young into a democracy.The aim of this research is essenti entirelyy, to provide a solution to the perplexing job of providing adequate living accommodations as it is a fundamental valet de chambre right, and it must be nonable that the lack of success over the years in providing the said housing has ca utilize an insurmountable amount of distress to stirred communities and has put an en ormous amount of pressure on the South African Government in terms of their obligations toward service delivery.Consequently, this compilation presents undoubted findings which imply that the government is world pressurized by the housing backlog indoors the KwaZulu- Natal Region, more than especially on the ara known as the Kennedy Road daily settlement which is offend of the Suburb of Cl be Estate and also includes the Umlazi B10 Housing Project and in turn they require suggestions on a more concrete approach to sustainably meet the demands move upon them by the ever growing populous.One much(prenominal) suggestion that must be viewed with a keen eye is the relatively new and exciting possible action introduced by Moladi, which has already been used in countries such as India, Mexico and Nigeria with tremendous success.South Africa has been plagued by an almost unsolvable housing crisis. It must be noted that the specific goal of this research is to assist in exploring n ew alternatives to the conventional twist methods employed by the Re eddy and Development Programme, which go forth subsequently be proven, has fallen apart.Chapter 1Introduction1.1 Background-History of researchAccording to Sayed Ally (20093), despite the fact that South Africa is 18 years into the great democracy of 1994, a large percentage of the indigenous population in this country work been subjected to deplorable and in actual fact, completely inexcusable living conditions.Sayed Ally (20093) further highlights that promises of change housing conditions, better education and crusheder unemployment levels have not materialized to date, however, we cannot say that the struggle has been in vain as South Africa has progressed from macrocosm labelled as an apartheid state, to becoming one of the most developed countries on the African continent.Part of the stepping stones to this achievement have been through strategies based on the improvement of education facilities, grues ome empowerment policies to level the plain fields of the previously disadvantaged, and housing initiatives such as the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP). However, as mentioned by Sayed Ally (20094), we have not tasted the fruits of success, as implementation of some of these policies has failed to lift off the ground. This is blatantly manifest as the presence of slums or shacks as it is referred to colloquially, have be descend the universal means of shelter for those underprivileged individuals who had trusted in the promises made by their ideal government.Although there have been attempts made by the government to replace the free settlements with junior-grade cost housing, this offset has been slow indeed.According to Majavu (20112) the department of per imageance monitoring and evaluation in the Presidency has warned parliament s human settlements portfolio mission that the Human Settlements Department is making slow progress on 2014 targets.The primary concer n to the government should be to solve the housing fuss by providing capable shelter to all citizens in need of it. This is because people with homes to go to, have a sense of belonging. (Wikipedia, 2012) A roof over the head of an individual grants him the opportunity of maintaining his/ her human dignity It is a fundamental right of any human being to have a foretoken, and duly stated in Section 26 of the South African Bill of Rights. Sayed Ally (20094).If successful, the alternative provided by this research will provide assistance in resolving the ongoing housing problem in Kwazulu-Natal through the initiative discussed beneath, and hopes to provide not only shelter, but also employment as hygienic as ease the burden of the government in providing adequate service delivery, thus making South Africa a better place for all those who live in it.1.2 Problem StatementThe problem to be investigated may be stated as-Moladi (the concept of shell housing), an alternative to South A frica s conventional construction methods, once incorporated into the Governments low cost housing policy, may assist in overcoming the failures prevalent in providing low cost housing which argon associated with the conventional construction methods, thereby providing unending shelter to displaced South Africans.1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives of this study argoni. Comparing and identifying the traditional building methods in the construction of low cost housing, design-and-build and the provision of an excellent end product.ii. Identifying factors such as innovative designs, hold outmanship, selection of in suspend material, approval of defective products and the part of staff.iii. To identify and propose appropriate alternative solutions to challenges regarding the lack of sufficient funds, the paucity of competent labourers, a lack of resources, work flow control, time constraints and wastage.1.4 Significance of this research studyThe above averments have one goal and that is to assist in the plow of repairing the problems created by poorly constructed conventional method houses in the affected beas of Kwa-Zulu Natal. Sayed Ally (200913) points out that over the past 15 years, many companies were contracted to build low cost houses for the previously disadvantaged, however, till today we find homeless people living on the side of the road, or if they be lucky, to live in an informal settlement. The numerous cases of poorly constructed houses, corrupt contractors, and misuse of government funding has done little to help the man on the street. The government has even gone to the extent of hiring foreign companies such as Golden Nets International to complete the job, but even they produced inefficient homes which subsequently collapsed in bad weather.The research that follows herein under examines the impact that shoddy building techniques has had upon low-cost housing in South Africa, more so in Kwa-Zulu Natal. This would be done through the examina tion of factors such as design and workmanship. In addition, the anticipated outcome of this research is to see a change in the quality of low-cost housing projects as wellhead as an improved product for house occupants.1.5 DesignAccording to Wentzel L (20103), most of the blame for inadequate building performance and low quality work is placed on the designer. This however puts a lot of pressure on the designer, pressure such as a lack of awareness of the building processes or for failing to understand the latest technology and the performance of innovative materials or the reluctance to delegate authority to project-based supervisors or simply for not spending more time on these building sites. However, Barrie and Paulson (1984) mention that designers generally recognize that no human under interpreted task produces absolutely perfect results. Therefore designers often specify not only the desired standard for the characteristics that define a product, such as dimensions or stre ngth, but tolerance or ranges for acceptable variations from the standard. These standards therefore need to be maintained and quality of conformance monitored by the construction manager, who will also be held liable if quality standards drop. Wentzel L (20103).A proudly South African initiative otherwise known as Moladi, takes construction to an entirely new dimension. The speed and minimal be involved, countenance for the development of building a house a day Moladi.net (2012).The multi award winning Moladi construction system was founded in South Africa in 1986 as a method of building cast in place reinforced monolithic structures Moladi.net (2012). The Moladi technology was developed as a means to alleviate many of the cumbersome and dear(p) aspects associated with conventional construction methods without agree on the quality or integrity of the structure Moladi.net (2012).Managing director Mr Hennie Botes states that the Moladi system involves the use of a removable, reus able, recyclable and lightweight plastic formwork put to work to produce a durable and unchangeable structure, which has been subject to numerous tests and independent reports. As the system is not pre-fabricated off the building site or dependant on ingenious labour, the use of the Moladi system allows for local, un clever labour to be employed, he stated Moladi.net (2012).Women, who have traditionally been any reluctant or discouraged from working within the male-dominated sector, are encouraged to participate in the non-labour intensive building process, Mr Botes added Moladi.net (2012).He explained further that the process involves assembling a mould the size of the designed house, with all the electrical services, plumbing and steel reinforcing located within the wall structure, which is filled with a South African Bureau of Standards approved lightweight mortar to form all the walls of the house simultaneously Moladi.net (2012).The method, he noted, eliminates the time an d labour intensive work of chasing, beam filling, plastering and generates no waste.1.6 WorkmanshipAccording to Wentzel L (20103), when human error occurs at the setting-out stage of the construction process (which is the first physical activity in the chain of activities), the result might be very costly and the ripple effect down the chain of activities maybe disastrous in terms of time constraints. Swain and Guttmann (1983), found four types of errors in the construction industry. They are time, qualitative, sequence and quantitative errors, which can take place. Time errors occur when a task must be performed within a specific time. qualitative errors are such errors which include right action on wrong object, wrong action on right object, wrong action on wrong object, teaching not obtained/ transmitted or substitution/ intrusion error. Sequence errors however occur when an activity is done or performed out of sequence. denary errors are errors which are made in rates, prices, and mathematical errors. Wentzel L (20103)Wentzel L (20104) stated further that, when focusing on the issues such as the housing backlog, design faults, lack of skilled shortages and client manipulation, it is made clear that all these factors influence low-cost housing in South Africa currently.As mentioned above the Moladi Shell Housing concept, has been designed and construct to address the six key challenges that determine the successful implementation of low cost housing projects in developing countries. These challenges would be the lack of sufficient funds, the shortage of skilled labourers, a lack of resources, work flow control, time constraints and wastage Moladi.net (2012). Chasing, beam filling, plastering and wastage are eliminated, producing a fast track, cost effective, transferable construction technology Moladi.net (2012).(Moladi.net 20123) (Moladi.net 20123)(Moladi.net 20123) (Moladi.net 20123)1.7 Limitationsi. The research is conducted specifically on the constr uction processes of low cost housing units.ii. Research is angled at mass housing initiatives providing an alternative to the normal building techniques (using brick and block).iii. The research area is confined to the Kwa Zulu Natal (Clarestate and Umlazi) region.iv. The research was completed in a time frame of six months.Some of the limitations regarding Moladi arev. Moladi systems cannot be used or are undesirable for use in boundary walls. They are primarily used for housing.vi. Moladi systems cannot be used to build pit walls. However, it provides good thermic and water proofing properties.vii. Moladi systems cannot be used to do extensions to homes. Moulds for once of applications would not be cost effective.1.8 ConclusionIn conclusion, alternate building techniques form an integral role to the building industry however, it is inflated significantly when examining low-cost housing. By analyzing objectives stated in this chapter, we can consequently draw conclusions about th e building techniques that are currently used in the construction of low-cost housing in South Africa, in comparison to newer innovations and techniques that may better address the issue.Chapter 2Literature recapitulation2.1 IntroductionObjectives were presented in the preceding chapter in order for the identification of possible problems that are related to workmanship qualities and poor design methods in the construction process in terms of the provision for low cost housing.Quality standards were also raised alongside time and cost factors, which affected design as well as workmanship at the same time.In order to place these submissions in proper perspective, this chapter will review the relevant literature that is currently available, peculiarly on shoddy building techniques and its impact on the low-cost housing sector.2.2 Building techniques Building may refer to, any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or an ac t of construction (i. e. the activity of building. (Wikipedia, 2012). Building Techniques refer to different methods espouse in construction processes and phases which provide alternate options to conventional or traditional building methods. It also plays a substantial role in the low-cost housing sector because of the high demand for mass housing that has to be constructed over short contract periods. Low income housing refers to residences for persons or families with low annual base earnings. Its purpose is to provide places for people to live within their range of affordability. Quality is being severely compromised as more focus is being placed on quantity.2.3 Poor construction techniques and the R.D.PAccording to Mbonambi (20124), an article that appeared in the Mercury Newspaper, soil and mud tumbled down into the back walls of people s homes and water seeped through the walls and floors, this is what residents of Umlazi have experienced in their new RDP homes since moving in early in 2011. The article states further that some residents were afraid that their houses, in the Umlazi B10 housing project, would collapse and they would be injured or even killed.Some of the problems that contribute to the impending failure of the RDP programme are the use of inefficient labourers. In 2005, the Minister of Finance Trevor Manuel was taken on a tour to observe the good progress of RDP houses in Port Elizabeth, he was shocked when he saw that the millions of rands being spent by government were producing incomplete walls and door frames that were not according to size. (Sayed Ally 20095)(Sayed Ally20095) mentions further that this is one of many examples of the lack in competence of the labourers tasked with the responsibility of ensuring quality but efficient housing skills in the RDP programme. In contrast, the Moladi housing initiative does not require skilled labourers to build houses, in fact, it is mostly uneducated workers that are utilised, and more p redominantly females are encouraged to be involved because of the simplicity and repetitive nature of the processNatasha Odendaal (20123) reported in the Engineering Newss print time that Human Settlements Minister Tokyo Sexwale stated that the rectification of substandard construction work on many of the low-cost housing projects throughout South Africa has leftfield the State with a bill of about R50-billion. As a result of this, he again posed the question of whether it was time to establish a State-owned construction company to undertake the many housing projects in the country engineeringnews.co.za (2012).Having considered the above it can be deduced that, current building techniques are failing dismally.The minister was exasperate when he stated that inexperienced, less-than-credible shovel, wheelbarrow and bakkie brigade construction groups involved in the tenders for governments housing programmes were delivering shoddy workmanship and many of their constructions were fal ling apart. Black economic-empowerment was not a licence to deliver substandard or poor-quality work, he said engineeringnews.co.za (2012) Odendaal (20123).Sayed Ally (20095) avers that in addition to the higher costs and incompetent nature associated with RDP housing, the programme has been riddle with numerous counts of corruption on the part of project managers and other stakeholders involved. The development in the Mpumalanga region has reported that as many as 8000 houses were left incomplete after project managers filled their pockets and quietly exited the scene (SamaYenda, 2005). It is due to these factors that public perception has embraced a negative attitude to the process of low cost housing. As a mandatory requirement, the institution of a project of this magnitude would require efficient labourers, who have been trained on the job to produce the most efficient results.According to Tabane (20021), Gauteng pays 41 million rand for 8 RDP houses, the city of Gauteng paid 4 1 million rand (forty one million Rand) for 8 RDP houses this means that the eight RDP houses cost the Gauteng housing department a whopping R5-million each. It is just one of the startling findings uncovered by an investigation team appointed by Housing MEC Paul Mashatile.It is evident that various electronic as well as print media associations are publishing their discoveries regarding the ineffectiveness of the RDP, but nevertheless, it seems that rampant corruption and inefficiency on the path of government is ever present and in fact stalling the rate of success needed for the completion of the incumbent housing projects.Streek (20015) confirms that 7.5-million people are still without shelter, and mingled with ii and three million houses still had to be built to meet this need. Many of these people are living in informal settlements in urban areas, where 53.6% of the population live, whereas others share accommodation. The pace of housing delivery annually has declined fro m 300 000 in 1997 to about 200 000 the following year richardknight.homestead.com (2012)Streek (20015) states that the housing shortage is still desperate, he further states that, Minister of Housing Sankie Mthembi-Mahanyele says, we will be slowing down further we have to look at the quality issue and at tenure alternatives richardknight.homestead.com (2012).2.4 Traditional and Alternate Building TechniquesSouth Africa is a third world country that is in its crawling stages of development. Emphasis has been placed on the forceful changes that need to occur in order for South Africa to move forward. The government has not been able to provide any suggestions to enhance the condition of housing thereby elevating the plight of those poor South Africans who have no roofs over their heads.2.4.1 Traditional Building TechniquesTraditional bricks or blocks are moulded in a small mould and then laboriously stacked by an artisan and sandwiched with mortar to form a wall structure. The elec trical and water pipes are positioned by grinding and chasing into the brick wall. The wall is then plastered to cover the pipes and services, as well as the brickwork, to create a level and smooth surface Moladi.net (2012).2.4.2 Alternate Building TechniquesSupplemented by proof that appears throughout this dissertation, Moladi comes forth as the most suitable alternative to repair the in-competencies of traditional building techniques currently used for low-cost housing.Moladi follows an optimised and sequential process. This allows for the number of bungling labourers, which are utilised effectively, to be predetermined according to the size of the house, area of formwork for the intended unit and volume of the mortar Moladi.net (2012). The speed of the construction is also taken into consideration to calculate the number of unskilled labourers on site, with big units having additional unskilled labour to optimise construction time Moladi.net (2012). disconcert 2.4.2.1 as show n below outlines the model of operation of the two day building process in a summarised step by step format adopted by Moladi Moladi.net(2012).Table 2.4.2.1OUTLINE OF THE MODEL OPERATIONDAY ONE- START 11HOO FINISH 17H00 DAY TWO- START 07H00 FINISH 17H00STEP 1 Moladi Formwork is delivered to site.Area= 74m Mass= 550kgVolume= 3m? Moladi Formwork panels are assembled by unskilled labourers to form the mould panels of the desired house plan.STEP 1 Moladi formwork panels are removed Moladi formwork panels are completely removed in 2 hours with 4 unskilled labourersSTEP 2 Internal Formwork panels are erected Window frames and block-outs are positioned within the wall cavity Reinforcing bars are positioned within the cavity to engineer specificationsSTEP 2 Immediately after the formwork panels are removed, the walls are painted with a water based paint Oil or acrylic based paint can be applied after the walls can be cured or within 28 days.STEP 3 admittance frames and black-outs are posi tioned within the wall cavity External formwork panels are erected to close off the wall cavity Erection is completed in 4 hours with 4 unskilled labourersSTEP 3 The engineer certified roof is installed The windows and doors are installed Final finishing s such as sanitary ware and luminosity are completed The structure is now ready for occupationSTEP 4 The wall cavity is filled with Moladi aerated mortar by unskilled labourers The pour is completed in 2 hours with 4 unskilled labourersMoladi.net(2012)To evaluate the viability of Moladi s housing techniques against conventional building techniques, some of the salient features are listened belowI. Moladi provides cheaper housing in a faster time period than any other form of housing.II. Efficiency of production is maximized as each foreman will be educated to minimize costs by Moladi project managers themselves and thus transferring their skills.III. Reusable nature of Moladi framework system makes it ideal in reducing costs as we ll as meeting environmental standards.IV. The process is not dependant on skilled labour.V. Experience, expertise and track record of our contractors will come into valuable use as a large operation of this magnitude will require diversification of skills.VI. A fast, simple, adaptable and a low construction cost technological building system.VII. Highly suited for use in mass housing markets, without compromising quality.VIII. Utilizes indigenous materials to produce high standard permanent structures that are earthquake, cyclone and tsunami resistant Moladi.net (2012).2.5 ConclusionThe creation of Moladi houses are very simple and differs from the normal lengthy building process commonly associated with construction. Once the foundation has been laid, a lightweight plastic shutter framework system (Moladi) is erected and mortar is used to cast the house resulting in a one piece reinforced walling system. (Moladi.com 20123) In a matter of 10 days, a Moladi house can be completed. Su ch an inference may ease government s pressure and allow them to focus on other avenues that need their attention such as poverty, health care and education.Chapter 3Research methodology3.1 IntroductionChapter 2 presented an overview of live literature. It was determined that there are various factors leading to problems concerning poor building techniques in housing construction more so, affecting the low-cost housing sector. These factors however, do not only reflect pessimism but in actual fact they bring about a sense of prosperity for the simple reason that South Africa itself, is undergoing substantial development and growth which takes time and will invariably lead to an upliftment of the lives of those who are inadequately accommodated.In order to test the quality of Building Techniques two research methodological approaches were employed namely Qualitative and decimal methods which will be presented and analyzed to substantiate the validity of this research.3.2 Qualitativ e Research MethodologyQualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation thatI. Seeks answers to a question.II. Systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question.III. Collects evidence.IV. Produces findings that were not determined in advance.V. Produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study.Qualitative research shares these characteristics. Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or offspring from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviours, and social contexts of particular populations. (Qualitative research methods A data Collector s field Guide 20121).3.2.1 What are some qualitative research methods?The three most common qualitative methods, explained in dilate in their respective modules, are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Each method is particularly suited for obtaining a specific type of data.I. Participant observation is appropriate for collecting data on naturally occurring behaviours in their usual contexts.II. In-depth interviews are optimal for collecting data on individuals personal histories, perspectives, and experiences, particularly when sensitive topics are being explored.III. Focus groups are effective in eliciting data on the cultural norms of a group and in generating broad overviews of issues of concern to the cultural groups or subgroups represented.(Qualitative research methods A data Collector s field Guide 20122)The qualitative method as used in this research incorporates both questionnaires delivered by hand in association with standardised open ended interviews that were conducted.In order to gather theoretical and honest responses from the respondents emphasis is given to the method above.3.3 Quantitative Resea rch MethodologyQuantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. (Burns Grove 200523)This research method is usedI. To describe variablesII. To examine relationships among variablesIII. To determine cause-and-effect interactions between variables.(Burns Grove 200523)Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can includeI. The generation of models, theories and hypotheses.II. The development of instruments and methods for measurement.III. Experimental control and manipulation of variables.IV. Collection of empirical data.V. Modelling and analysis of data. Wikipedia.org (2012)This method has also been incorporated into this research. Quantitative research is utilized in order to achieve appropriate statistical outcomes, which would assist in ascertaining supplementary theoretical recommendations and subsequent conclusions.3.4 QuestionnairesA questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or people or entire populations. Wikipedia.org (2012)Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of individuals, often referred to as respondents. Wikipedia.org (2012) Adequate questionnaire construction is critical to the success of a vision. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can make the survey valueless, as it may not accurately reflect the views and opinions of the participants. Wikipedia.org (2012)According to Wentzel L (201031) the data which is collected by questionnaires may be qualitative or quantitative. Wentzel L (2010 31) further mentions that questionnaires do however lend themselves more to quantitative forms of analysis. This is partly because they are designed to collect mainly very discrete items or packages of information, with either numbers or words which can be coded and represented as numbers. Wentzel L (201031) in addition mentions that this emphasis is also partly due to the larger scale of many questionnaire surveys, and their common focus is on representation, which encourages a numerical or quasi-numerical summary of results.3.4.1 Types of Questionnairesa. Contingency questions A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them (for example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant) Wikipedia.org (2012).b. Matrix questions superposable response categories are assigned to multiple questions. The questions are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along the top and a list of questions down the side. This is an efficient use of page space and respondents time Wikipedia.org (2012).c. Closed ended questions Respondents answers are limited to a fixed set of responses. Most scales are closed ended. Other types of closed ended questions includeI. Yes/no questions The respondent answers with a yes or a no.II. Multiple choice The respondent has several(prenominal) option from which to choose.III. Scaled questions Responses are graded on a continuum (example rate the appearance of the product on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most preferred appearance). Examples of types of scales include the Likert scale, semantic differential scale, and rank-order scale (See scale for a complete list of scaling techniques Wikipedia.org (2012).d. Open ended questions No options or predefined categories

The Leitmotif of Pursuit in Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay

The Leitmotif of Pursuit in Tess of the dUrbervilles Pursuit recurs in Tess of the dUrbervilles as a strong leitmotif. Starting with their first encounter, Alec Stoke-dUrbervile lusts later on Tess with his desire for steadily increasing thereafter. He withholds the crucial information that he is not her cousin, and they in fact have no familial relationship whatsoever. season under the impression he is her cousin, Alec uses this ignorance to get closer to her. Feeding her strawberries in an obviously erotic manner mo manpowertarily appeases his lustful hunger. His longing for her never abates from while away with Tess - perhaps even the opposite might be said the more contact he has with her, the more he seems to want her. Alec, ... ...e only way to persist this vicious cycle of pursuit is death. Angels description of Tess as Demeter, the goddess of chastity, and as Artemis, goddess of the hunt, seems quite fitting for Tess. Tess Durbeyfield is, as Hardys subtitle indicate s, a pure woman and as the men in the novel demonstrate by their actions, a hunted animal. 3

Car And Bicycle Brakes :: essays research papers

Caliper stopEffectiveness good mechanical gain as it allows the operator to pasture brake with little effort on the hydraulic lever, which needs to be squeezed. cloth Calipers argon fixed mount, opposed piston calipers work from aluminium alloy. Calipers are the hydraulic clamp portion of the disc braking system. Manufactured from either ferrous or non-ferrous materials and bolted firmly to the suspension upright(or knuckle) the caliper holds the pads in set out and, through the action hydraulic pistons actuated by the master cylinder, force them against the rotating surface of the disc when pressure is applied to the brake pedal.Friction Material non asbestos brake padsCar differences size is one major difference in car and bike systems. The systems can be totally different but still drill hydraulic mechanisms.Cantilever BrakesEffectiveness provide good power and modulation. They are very effective in stopping the bike because they provide a large stopping force, but the ride rs heel will hit the brake and may irritate the rider and cause the brakes to ruin.Material includes 2 brake shoes and a brake padFriction Material non asbestos brake pads.Car differences size and shape. Also consists of lighter materials.V BrakesEffectiveness basically the same as above.MaterialFriction MaterialCar differencesDrum BrakesEffectiveness Very good brakins system as they wear very slowly and are not afftected by weather. Also used with Disc Brakes. Being on the rear. Material A bike debone brake is hand operated which is attached to the hub of the wheel, the shoes press on the inside of the drum.Friction Material Non asbestos fibre.Car differences In bikes they are hand operated and in cars they are foot. Drum brakes are completely different to hydraulic brakes.Hydraulic disc BrakesEffectiveness Hydraulic brakes have a peachy mechanical advantage therefore are a very good design of braking system.