Psychology of the Crime

Psychology of the Crime â€Å"Timothy McVeigh† The Oklahoma City Bombing was a very eye opening event in American history. Timothy McVeigh bombed the Federal building, resulting in 168 deaths and many more injuries. Timothy McVeigh meets the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder due to his lack of remorse and thinking of doing justice to the government.The American Heritage Dictionary defines Narcissistic Personality Disorder as a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with one’s self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s gratification, dominance, and ambition. We see all of these traits in Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh decided he would take his frustration out on others, out of anger, to give the country a â€Å"wake up call. † Sadly enough his anger was a devastating shock.McVeigh had a strong desire to get attention and seek admiration which helped him succeed in his attack. During his interview, McVeigh talked mainly about himself and how he achieved his goal and showed lack of interest in anything else. McVeigh had two partners, Fortie and Nichols, whom he met in the Army. They each played a significant role in carrying out his plan. With his self-importance, he felt like he had to be superior in all of his relationships, including the ones with Nichols and Fortie.He almost caused both of them to back out, but his controlling personality and the fear that they had of him kept them to carry out their part. With his fantasy about power and influence over the government, he carried out his plan successfully. McVeigh had the typical family a father, mother and two sisters. His mother and father always clashed and eventually got a divorce. He stayed with his father and his sisters went with his mother. He loved his grandfather, who played a constant role in McVeigh’s life.McVeigh got bullied while he was in high sc hool, receiving the name â€Å"noodle McVeigh† which later led to his antisocial behavior. He failed to conform to the social norms of society. Antisocial behavior is defined as chronic antisocial behavioral patterns, such as a failure to conform to social or legal cods, a lack of anxiety and guilt, and irresponsible behaviors. McVeigh stated that the people he killed were just â€Å"collateral damage. † He felt no guilt for his actions or for manipulating his friends. In fact, he was quite proud of his ability to carry out his plan.In his interview, his lack of concern for those who were hurt by his behaviors was clearly shown. He showed no anxiety during his interview and was quite proud. McVeigh perceived his violations of rules and norms as acts preformed for the greater good. He felt like he was a prisoner in a country that wasn’t his and he never learned from his experience. Timothy McVeigh was angry with the government and acted upon the assumption that f ederal officers, who lead the raid in Waco Texas, executed seventy six people.He thought the government was becoming somewhat oppressive in certain ways. He felt that the government overstepped their boundaries and complained that government had too much control over people’s lives. McVeigh in the end got his wish and made sure he was remembered in history, which led to his execution on June 11, 2001. McVeigh’s case actions allow us to wonder if the next insane bomber or betrayer exists within our circle of friends, or in the next person who gets bullied just as McVeigh did.

Socrates’ death

To begin with, we need to introduce Socrates. Socrates was and still regarded as one of the most influential philosophers. Socrates throughout his life showed a deep understanding of the human life, as well as an understanding of the world. He is considered one of the most important ethical philosophers of all time. Nothing much is known about his personal life, but his works were well preserved which revealed a lot about him as a great man. Socrates was sentenced to death and was put into prison because he disobeyed the roman god, and claimed to be led by a mysterious power. He was accused with offences against public morality. After his sentence was released a lot of his friends and jury expected him to refuse the sentence, but for their surprise, he did not say anything and he accepted the sentence readily. Many of his friends urged him to escape the prison, but he refused saying that the state should be obeyed. He stayed in prison for 30 days because at the time of his sentence romans had a sacred time in which they did not kill anybody. During that time, many of his friends came to him and urged him to leave the prison, but he refused. One of the most important visits by his friends was Crito’s visit. Crito visited him the last day before his sentence, and they argued about whether Socrates should escape or not. In his argument, Crito used a teleological approach. He presented Socrates with the consequences of him staying in jail. On the other hand, Socrates replied to him using deontological approach, defending his point of view using valid reasons. First Crito presented Socrates with the argument that people will say that Socrates did not choose to stay in prison; it must be his friends that did not talk to him. By this, he is saying if you don’t escape people will talk badly about your friends. By this argument, Crito shows a large interest in public opinion, and a large care about his reputation. This represents a teleological approach, because he is stating facts and consequences of Socrates staying in prison. When Socrates heard this, he immediately refuted this argument. He told Crito that he should not care about the majority’s opinion. Socrates gave the example of a trainer and a student. He says that when the student does something, everybody around him will talk about the thing, but he doesn’t listen to anybody but the trainer. Then he tells Crito that he should do the same thing because â€Å"the general public† is not qualified to judge anybody. It is the responsibility of a qualified person to give judgment for actions taken by others. This argument represents a deontological approach, because he is talking about a purpose. He is not listing facts and consequences; he is just saying that all matters of justice and injustice should be handled that way because it is the right way. According to Socrates justice and truth work together. He gave an argument saying that the state is the one that bough him to life, and is the one who could end his life. He made a comparison between the state and parents. He said that the state in a sense is like a parent, who always wants the best for his son. This is a deontological approach because he did not say anything about a consequence he just listed his belief and his point of view on the subject. To add, Socrates mentioned another point, which is that by disobeying the state you are breaking a commitment and by breaking the commitment you are doing wrong. This also is a deontological approach of the issue because he is stating a point of view without mentioning any facts or evidence about it. He is just pointing out a personal point of view. He is basing his argument on his perception of right and wrong, without any reference to factual evidence. He said that by disobeying the state and going out of prison without an official charge he would be unfair and unjust to the people of Athens. He says that by escaping, he breaks the law and the law is found for everybody and is fair with everybody, so if he breaks it this justice will break down. This is another deontological approach because he is supporting his point of view using his own perceptions of right and wrong. He does not backup his argument with consequences or related factual evidence. In addition to the deontological approach, Socrates used the teleological approach in addressing some of the issues with him escaping prison. In his argument with Crito about leaving the prison because of his kids, Crito said that if he stays in the prison his children will be orphaned and will have nobody to take care of them and educate them. He used the teleological approach here because he mentioned a consequence of him staying in the prison. Socrates replied to that by saying that by escaping, he would break the law. By breaking the law Socrates would be labeled as an outlaw. Being an outlaw would not allow him to raise his children, because he will be running away from the government the whole time. Not having time for his children will let strangers raise them. While if he stays in prison and dies the state will take care of his children. This shows a teleological approach because Socrates is mentioning a consequence of him running out of prison. He says that if he escapes, he would not be able to live life the same way he was used to living it. In my opinion, Socrates’ argument is better and more concrete because he didn’t just apply the argument to this particular situation. He expanded the analogy to involve every situation that involves a case like his. His analogies could be expanded to any situation involving justice and injustice. In addition, Socrates’ arguments represent real moral values. While in Crito’s arguments, we could see that he is only concerned about himself and his reputation. In addition, they could be only applied to this situation not any other situation. His arguments do not have any real ethical or moral values because he is concerned only about himself. To sum up Socrates’ arguments care about the well-being of every human being, while Crito’s only care about the well-being of himself

Politics of the 1980s Essay

The 1980s were marked by the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidential office.   The Republican Party had succeeded in gaining control of the Senate for the first time since 1954 (Spartacus Educational, 2007).   Conservatism, the ideals and goals of the new Republican president, began to change politics, religion, and the economy of the United States.   Reagan had many visions that appealed highly to social conservatives.   This paper will discuss the political issues during the Reagan administration. During the presidential campaign of 1980, a highly critical event was occurring under President James Carter.   In the conflict between Iran and Iraq, several Americans had been taken hostage by Iran.   President Carter was attempting to negotiate the release of the hostages.   Is successful, this move could prove dangerous to Reagan’s campaign.   After Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980, Carter proposed a deal with Iran that would provide much needed parts and equipment in exchange for the American hostages.   Because of the large amount of media coverage, President Carter was unsuccessful in this attempt. Ronald Reagan, however, was able to promise Iran that they would receive the parts and equipment, provided that the hostages were released.   Reagan won the election against Carter.   The hostages were released after Reagan was sworn into office.   Reagan gained the public’s confidence by being successful where Carter could not be: getting the hostages released and returned home.   William Casey, appointed by Reagan as CIA director, arranged delivery of the equipment and parts to Iran.   All the promises that were made to Iran, by Reagan, had been fulfilled.   Unfortunately, Iran now had the means to make attacks against the United States (Spartacus, 2007). Reagan’s political goals appealed to the social conservatives of the nation.   Unfortunately, Reagan’s social goals did not gain as much widespread attention as his economic and military goals.   Regan sought to cut taxes and increase military spending (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagan’s main goal was to weaken big government by using a supply-side economic theory.   By implementing a huge tax cut, the economy would be stimulated enough to raise tax revenues.   Critics argued that economic expansion would be slowed greatly.   Reagan chose higher employment and weakened unions as methods to combat inflation (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagonomics, the term used to describe Reagan’s economic policies, eventually led to a recession (Davidson et al, 2002).   Big corporations had to unwillingly yield regarding wages and work conditions.   Ultimately, the interactions between the aspects of Reagan’s policies caused conflict.   Weidenbaum (1997) stated: â€Å"Monetary restraint was the key to unwinding inflation, as well as precipitating sharp recession.   Recession, in turn, delayed the beneficial effects of the tax cuts on investment and pushed the budget deficit to unprecedented heights†¦Ironically, it was the enactment of tax cuts unmatched by spending cuts that scared the Fed into a tighter monetary policy.   The subsequent recession caused serious budgetary imbalance.† In addressing his military goals, Reagan chose to raise the spending budget.   Reagan’s desire was to create a force that could act against threats of Communism world-wide, on its own.   This was a task not easily carried out previously (Davidson et al, 2002). The largest increases of the military spending budget were allotted for expensive nuclear weapons system.   The defense planners of the Reagan administration brought back the antinuclear peace movements with Europe and America.   The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) had the purpose of establishing a missile defense system that was to be based in space. Even though the economic aspects of Reagan’s political goals were conflicting with each other, the public’s confidence was still strong.   Reagan’s publicity was so sound that it seemed impenetrable.   Reagan easily won the 1984 presidential election (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagan adopted the same attitudes toward foreign policy as the rest of his political agenda.   Reagan was a strong believer that the United States should stand tall and proud.   Unfortunately, growing problems overseas proved that maintaining order was quite problematic. Reagan, in trying to help a war torn region gain peace, sent American members of the Marines to Lebanon.   The American peacekeepers were soon forced into the middle of a civil war.   Terrorists blew up a U.S. military barrack, killing 241 people.   The President ordered the troops to leave immediately (Davidson et al, 2002). Growing problems in other nations were occurring as well.   By the middle of 1985, there were two major problems that demanded immediate attention.   â€Å"First, Congress had forbidden support of the Contras in Nicaragua.   And second, Iranian-backed terrorists continued to hold American hostages in Lebanon† (Davidson et al, 2002). Controversy soon took control.   Reagan had found a way to negotiate the release of the hostages in Lebanon.   If the U.S. sold Iran a few weapons, they might, in turn, persuade Lebanon to release the hostages.   In a year’s time, there had been four secret shipments of weapons to Iran.   Only one hostage was released.   This exchange of weapons for hostages was not only a failure, but completely contradictory to the President’s solemn promise to never pay a ransom to terrorists (Davidson et al, 2002). Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and NSA Advisor Robert McFarlane had discovered a way to secretly aid the Nicaraguan Contras.   McFarlane was able to convince Saudi Arabia to deposit a large amount of money into a savings account where it could then be laundered.   Oliver North then spent the money on weapons that were sent through Central America (Davidson et al, 2002). Because information of the two secret operations had been leaked, there were hearings held.   The scandal had been named â€Å"Irongate,† comparing it to Richard Nixon’s scandal.   The hearings soon ended.   Reagan’s improving relations with the Soviets helped to restore confidence once again (Davidson et al, 2002). In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev entered the Kremlin.   In December 1987, Reagan met with Gorbachev to sign the Intermediate Nuclear Force treaty, in which both sides would destroy any intermediate-range nuclear missiles with ranges of 600 to 3400 miles.   Both sides agreed to on-site inspections of any missile bases (Davidson et al, 2002). With the presidential election of 1988 growing near, Reagan could now take credit for the positive results of relations with the Soviets.   George H.W. Bush, the Vice President, seemed to be the rightful Republican heir.   â€Å"Bush vowed a continuation of Reagan’s policies and in foreign affairs he was as aggressive as his predecessor† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition; 2007). As a conclusion, Lawrence Kudlow (1997) stated: â€Å"It was Ronald Reagan who led this Revolution, who established this new higher ground, who provided us with the spirit, the vision, and the road map which is today still being followed by the most successful politicians on the world scene.† References Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition. (2007). â€Å"United States.† New York: Columbia University Press; 52958 pgs. Davidson et al. (2002) Nations of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic, 3rd edition, Vol. 2. Kudlow, L. (1997). â€Å"Reagonomics: What Worked? What Didn’t?† Keynote Address delivered to the Center of the American Experiment. [electronic] Accessed at http://www.kudlow.com/pdfs/Reagonomics.pdf Spartacus Educational. (2008). â€Å"Ronald Reagan.† Accessed at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm Weidenbaum, M. (1997) â€Å"Reagonomics – Its Remarkable Results.† Christian Science Monitor, December 18, 1997. Accessed at http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/1997/12/18/opin/opin.2.html

Wal-Mart Information Technology Company Analysis Research Paper

Wal-Mart Information Technology Company Analysis - Research Paper Example Wal-Mart owes much of its success to the early adoption of an Information Technology as compared to its competitors. The store has continually evolved to adapt to changing market needs through enhancing its Information Technology strategy. This has given it a competitive edge over other retailers by enabling it to price its products more competitively. Information Technology use by Wal-Mart continues to enhance its market leadership and dominance. 2.0 Information Technology characteristics and dynamics of Wal-Mart Despite of Wal-Mart’s large size, it has one centralized information system that is developed internally giving it much advantage in operations that enables it price its products competitively in comparison to other retailers. In 95% of Wal-Mart’s Information Technology endeavors, much of the development is done by internal staff, managing programming and process engineering and not relying on commercial software or outsourcing. The company has also been able to maintain its Information Technology budget at a lower rate than its market competitors. These costs do not grow at a similar rate to sales despite the entire Wal-Mart business model relying heavily on Information Technology. Wal-Mart as a whole relies on information technology to attain its business objectives and meet the needs of its clients (Sullivan, 2004). The information system at Wal-Mart is a centralized system that manages supplier and consumer data all in one avenue. The centralized system analyzes data from Wal-Mart’s Discount stores, Supercenters, Sam’s clubs, Neighborhood markets and world wide stores from one location. The Information Technology staffs concentrate on building software for all its systems, both at home and in international markets. As a result, any new code affects the global operations of the entire retail store. This leverages the Information technology efforts resulting into massive savings in investments in the department (Sullivan, 2004). Wal-Mart’s system enables it capture all of a day’s sales and product information in real time from all of its global operations. This information is instrumental in making timely decisions as regards sales of particular products. The information is also used by buyers to make buy decisions that eventually affect Wal-Mart’s sales. Availing real time data is one of Wal-Mart’s Information System’s hallmarks. This information enables decision makers at Wal-Mart to act fast and decisively and to take immediate corrective measures where a problem is noticed. This has worked to enhance Wal-Mart’s market leadership over the competition (Sullivan, 2004). Wal-Mart also seeks to synchronize its online operations as well. This it will be achieved through the synchronization of its online sites such as walmart.com, samsclub.com, asda.com, walmartmexico.com.mx. Such synchronization will result in similar efficiencies as those experienced through the centralization of the brick and mortar stores operational information. The platform to host this system will be scalable, Java based and running on IBM’s WebSphere and Informix database. The aim of this is to achieve efficiencies in growth and enhance scalability with the ultimate goal of cost effectiveness that translates to more affordable products for the final consumers enhancing its market leadership (Sullivan, 2004). One of the more identifiable uses of Information Technology by Wal-Mart is the use of radio frequency identification in tracking stocks.

Nuclear arms race during the Cold War Research Paper

Nuclear arms race during the Cold War - Research Paper Example 6). An increasing distrust of communism developed among most Americans by the end of the war. Their aim was to ‘hide’ nuclear secrets from Soviet hands. America had a monopoly on nuclear weapons, which ensured that Russia was more manageable from a political point of view. Tension brewed between these two states, and sparked a nuclear arms race. The nuclear arms race was a period where several countries developed and examined the power of a myriad of nuclear technology. They kept buffer stocks of thousands of nuclear weapons with an aim of being ahead of one another. Power was tested by the country with the best technology. This was a dangerous era, since the possibility of an all-out nuclear war between countries always loomed. The 20th century had a fair share of near catastrophes and uneasy international policies (Swift p. 14). The Cold War did not make it into the 21st century. Its history explains a period where nations increased their quality and quantity of ‘tools’ of military power; â€Å"An arms race.† This period was first encountered in the 19th century where Russia and France confronted Britain’s naval superiority. Germany had attempted to outdo Britain’s fleet, and the effects spilled over into World War I. After the war between Britain, Japan, and the United States, an arms-limitation treaty took place at the Washington Conference. The degree of tension among nations was high. Nations were incited to develop and test weapons that would wipe out an entire generation. This regime lasted up to November, 1990, when the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty was signed. The entire generation lived under the shadow of looming catastrophe; the survival of humanity was questionable. Any provocation or misunderstanding could have initiated the extinction of humanity. Stockpiles of weapons were developed to levels far beyond

Public relation campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public relation campaign - Essay Example However, its business is also contributed towards the non-pharmaceutical sources, specifically the crop protection industry accounting for 60% of non pharmaceutical business. Huntingdon Life Sciences uses animals in the biomedical research conducted by it for its customers. In UK around 60,000 animals are annually used. This number is further broken down by species like fish, bird, mouse, rat and other mammals. In the field of non clinical CRO, HLS is the third largest in the world but it is better known to general public as the target of animal rights campaign of high profile. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), the animal rights group, has mainly orchestrated the campaign. Issues involved with Huntingdon Life Sciences Huntingdon Life Sciences has been criticised by the group of animal welfare and animal rights for using animals in research for abusing animals and for testing wide range of substances, particularly non-medical products on animals. It has been claimed by SHAC that around 500 animals died everyday at HLS. A film was recorded secretly inside HLS in UK which was subsequently broadcasted on television channel as â€Å"It’s a Dog’s Life† showing serious breaches of animal protection laws. It has also shown the taunting of animals and a puppy held up by scruff of neck and was repeatedly punched in face. The laboratory technicians responsible for this activity were suspended from HLS after this broadcast. The campaign of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty is based in US and UK which aimed to close the company Huntingdon Life Sciences. The methods of campaign are the direct action which are non-violent and demonstrations and lobbying. It not only targets HLS but any institution, company or person doing business allegedly with laboratory, whether as suppliers, clients, cleaning and disposal services and employees of those companies. So, HLS was forced to set up its own security, laundry service, catering and delivery as the outside su ppliers doing business with it declined. The campaign against HLS led to crash of its share price. The Royal Bank of Scotland closes its bank account and the British government arranged for the state owned Bank of England to give them an account. The share price of company fell down and was dropped from New York Stock Exchange as its market capitalisation fall below NYSE limits. The British Government then took decision to tackle the problem of extremism of animal rights. There was an enactment of a police campaign called Operation Achilles against SHAC, involving police officers in Amsterdam, England and Belgium. 32 people linked to the group were arrested and seven leading members of SHAC were found guilty of blackmail. As a consequence of the operation, most violent activists were jailed. Public relation campaign Following the major issues involved with Huntingdon Life Sciences, a suitable public relation campaign can be proposed to improve the public perception of company and to counteract the negative effects of animal rights lobby. Public relations refer to the forms of planned communication, both inward and outward, which occurs between an organisation and public in order to achieve specific objectives with effect

Wedding Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wedding Ceremony - Essay Example 2:18, 21-24: "The Lord God said, 'It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him'...and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man's ribs and closed up the place with flesh." Over the years however wedding ceremonies have lost their original worth as world has become highly media-sensitive and couples plan their "dream weddings" according to what wedding planners suggest. That was not how things used to be in old times. This definition however fails to highlight the actual meaning and worth of a wedding ceremony. In most cultures weddings underscored the need for transition from one stage of life to another. It may no longer be seen that way but in Greek cultures for example, wedding marked the transition of a woman from one "oikos" to her new "oikos". "She changed from a parthenos, a maiden, to a nymphe, a married woman without children, when she married and then finally to a gyne, an adult woman, when she bore her first child. The entire set of marriage rites focused on the bride and her relocation to a new oikos and kyrios, the most important transition in her life." (Powers, 1997)... She would also get rid of her toys and childhood belongings. However the most important part of the ceremony was the hairdo and the dress. Roman bride would wear the dress only once and her hair would be styled in a particular manner. The veil was a must and it had to be worn by all brides. The veil had a very high symbolic value: It continued as one of the main symbols and components of the wedding ceremony, routinely mentioned by many authors. Indeed, the verb used of the woman marrying, nubo, is related to nubes, a cloud, and means literally 'I veil myself'. From this come nupta, a married woman, nova nupta, a bride, and nuptiae, the wedding. The event turns on the bride and her veiling. (Treggiari, 163) The veil was again an important symbol in Indian weddings. Brides would wear a red dress which was called a sari. This dress would be adorned heavily and the girl would keep her head low so as to appear docile and shy on the day of her wedding. The actually wedding day was preceded by Mayoon, a ritual where girl would be covered with yellow color tumeric mix called Ubtan. This was done to make her body glow. There would be many other rituals than followed including goad-bharri which was done to make sure that the bride will have children. This was a way of blessing the bride with good omen. In most cultures, wedding was also a sacred ceremony. It had strong religious and cultural worth. In many Muslim cultures for example, bride and groom's families would arrange Milad where people would come together and recite the Holy Quran to invoke God's blessings on the couple. Similar rituals would take place in other cultures too according to their sacred beliefs. Things

Photographs of the Lillis. Basic Elements of Photography and Essay

Photographs of the Lillis. Basic Elements of Photography and Representation versus Reality - Essay Example Even the elevators, which often, in school buildings, are run down, this was not the case in this building. The elevator, too, looked modern – it was chrome, and like the rest of the building, was clean. That was probably the word that I would most use to describe this experience and the space - it was clean and uncluttered. I also liked the open-air feeling of the atrium, and the large windows gave the degree of natural light that was very relaxing for this experience. I can see why this would be a popular place for students, because the entire space gives an air of some place where people can relax, socialize and study. And this was the theme that was presented in this building – it is obvious that the architects of this space had a relaxing and clean aesthetic in mind. There was nothing about this building that was industrial or garish or harsh. The walls were not painted in bright or dark colors, and there was very little wood that was exposed, either. No real indus trial look, like exposed pipes or something like that. From the tiled floors to the large meeting rooms, to the large atrium meeting hall, that was the aesthetic that was felt in this space. This was what so appealing about this space. As for what was unappealing about the space, I felt that perhaps the hallways, which were captured as part of these photographic sequences, seemed a little claustrophobic. They could have been widened a little to give even more of an impression of detail and relaxation. My photographing of this space was both intuitive and rational. That is, I gravitated towards certain parts of the building, just naturally – this was something that I used to determine which photographs to take, which was the places where I felt most comfortable and relaxed. That said, there also was a rational approach to the picture taking. The rational approach was that I knew that I had to diversify in taking the pictures – I couldn’t just take shots of the be auty of the building, without also taking shots of the mundane. Therefore, I felt the need to make sure that things like the chrome elevators were featured in this spread, as well as other things such as metal boxes and drinking fountains and other things that are important to a building, but may not be the main draw. I felt, consciously, that I needed to completely represent the building, as opposed to highlighting the high points. I did feel that the digital camera would give me a slightly different result than a traditional camera. That is because I would be able to see, in real time, how the photographs looked, and this is what I based my portfolio on. The real time photographs. I was able to note that I was hitting the points that I wanted to hit. If I was taking pictures with a traditional camera, this would not be available as much. I chose two photographs. The one photograph that I chose was the one of the students in their tables, with the open air windows in the background . The other photograph that I chose was the photograph of the metal boxes that were lined against one wall. The reason why I chose these two photographs, in particular, was that these represented opposite ends of the spectrum, in terms of aesthetics. I felt that, by choosing these two photographs, I represented the building the best. In other words, the building was not just about the beauty, but also about the mundane things that makes a building what it is. I felt that this was the best use of my photographer’

Computer Forensics in Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Forensics in Biology - Research Paper Example Application A structured investigation is carried out to sort out what exactly happened to the computer, when it happened, how it happened, and who did it. This is exactly like solving a murder case and performing postmortem. The operator does not know that the evident information is transparently being created and stored by the computer’s operating system, which can only be extracted through computer forensics software tools and techniques. The crimes include misuse of computer systems, attack on computer systems, using a computer system to work against another system, failure of a computer system, and the like. Though, internet identity theft has made people uncertain about shopping and selling online, checking their bank statements online, visiting auction websites, or entering into business contracts or transactions; however, computer forensics has played its part in helping law enforcement agencies in gathering digital evidence and identifying stolen identities as well as the criminals involved. Computer forensics security solutions focus not only on recovery but also on prevention of security threats in order to provide security solutions that are quicker and cheaper than the conventional techniques. These solutions include intrusion detection system (IDS), internet security system, biometric security system, net privacy system, firewall set-ups, network disaster security system, identity theft prevention system, identity management security system, and so on (Vacca 146). Basic Scientific Principles Involved It is important for computer forensic investigators to follow a structured approach to solving computer and internet-based identity theft cases. Computer crime involving ID theft can be grouped as physical security breaches, personnel security breaches, communications and data security breaches, and operations security breaches. A detailed investigation of the case requires that every security breach is analyzed independently to get a more syst ematic approach towards case solving. The digital examination of ID theft cases requires great expertise at the investigator’s end. The evidence or data that is collected is the valuable asset and has to be dealt with sensitivity, as it will help in deciding the specifications of the crime. Digital data is so delicate that it can be altered with one mistaken tap on the keyboard or one inadvertent press of a key. The forensic investigator will have to use some offline techniques in addition to online techniques. Although offline techniques are not the responsibility of a forensic investigator, but of course, he can use them to help himself toward finding the evidential data. He will have to look for any counterfeit documents, fake checks and bogus bank statements in black and white, in addition to looking for digital evidence residing inside the fraudster’s computer system.  

Step 1 of 4 Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Step 1 of 4 Paper - Essay Example How information flows from level to level in a company is also determined by the organizational structure. Decisions flow from top to down in a centralized structure while in a decentralized structure, making decisions is done at various different levels (Wailgum, 2007).Decentralized decision making should be preferred by managers because it gives the opportunity to the employees to participate in decision-making. This makes them have a sense of ownership of the company and, therefore, give their best. Companies can streamline their operations if they establish a hierarchical structure whose chain of command is clear. The organizational leadership structure should be able to provide direct supervision and regular feedback from employees (Lu, 2014). Corporate decision making allows all stakeholders be involved in decision making and their contributions valued. Autocratic leadership makes managers the sole decision makers and deters innovativeness as the creative employees do not get a room of implementing or sharing their ideas. Therefore, participative leadership which boosts the morale of employees because their contribution to the decision-making process is appreciated should be adopted by company heads. The success of any business is determined by the innovativeness of the company. Through innovation, companies bring into the market new products and services. Innovative methods assist companies reduce costs of operation and enhance customer satisfaction through quality improvement. Innovativeness can only be realized if creative employees are given room to share and implement their ideas. Leadership style used should support creativity and innovativeness among the employees to enhance the performance of their companies. Gilmore (2014) observes that the state of the art technology and network design has enabled Wal-Mart to track and predict inventory levels, manage customer service response logistics and relationships, develop more efficient

Review of the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review of the article - Essay Example Devalued local currency acted as an equalizer of the combined influence of valued foreign currencies as well as the deflationary external price index. This further brought about actual depreciation in China’s economy. During this period, the Chinese economy and trade situation were developed relative to other countries that suffered from this large-scale depression. The journal argues that in the face of the severe economic situation, the central government of China carried out several policies like exposing silver export tax, giving silver export authorization to restrain exports. The enforcement of these policies played a crucial role in stabilizing the economy in the face of acute depression. However, capital control of the government was not able to significantly hold back the nature of the silver money which was profit oriented when hyped nominal. Therefore, Chinese silver price created room for speculation and the government hence only had the option of departing from the silver standard to nationalize all silver reserves3. For this reason, therefore, the central government of China had to carry later out monetary reform that suspended convertibility of silver. This financial reform also adhered to sanction standard, and it also centralized the right to issue money to three commercial banks that were controlled by the government. Since th en, the silver standard became history. Additionally, the Chinese government was strong enough to put in place laws that covered the silver standard. One of the major factors that brought controversial views of the economic performance of China was the correctness of the prewar statistics data on economics. Other scholars saw the data as being incorrect while some argued that the information was correct. Due to unstable political circumstances and frequent warfare, the work of statistic gathering was underdeveloped in China.

Public Schools Segregation Essay Example for Free

Public Schools Segregation Essay I was recently struck by one of the political cartoons in the SacramentoBee newspaper, which presented an image comparison of drinking fountains in two schools. It quickly reminded me of the racist Jim Crow laws from the 1880s-1960s and how racial segregation existed almost everywhere in the United States at that time. However, I realize that this cartoon doesn’t portray the concept of racial segregation with a Jim Crow joke, but it makes a commentary on social segregation among public schools in the United States today. I slowly realized that all American public schools are not the same due to funding. The huge difference exists in the public school system because their funding is associated with local property taxes. If a school is located in an affluent area with wealthier residents who pay high property taxes, schools will receive more funding (School Funding 1). Do you think this system is fair? If I ask affluent parents, they probably would answer that they pay high property taxes, so their money should go straight to nourish public schools in their areas. Meanwhile, if I were to ask parents in low socioeconomic areas, they would say that funds should be distributed from the state and not by the county, which would help in reducing the inequality between schools. Although sharing funds is not fair for many affluent people who pay more taxes, we should encourage state governments to aid the poorer schools more because it helps to reduce poverty and prevent crimes in lower income neighborhoods. The first reason that poorer schools should get more funds is to reduce poverty. People in low-income areas might not get the direct effect from school funding, but in the future, their kids will be benefited greatly. For those in the low income bracket, education can be a legitimate way to help them climb out of poverty. However, in reality, most of these poorer schools today are still not treated equally as their richer counterparts. Lisa Black, Chicago Tribune reporter reviewed the vast difference between two public schools in the Chicago area to illustrate this point. The first school, Taft Elementary School in Lockport can’t offer students any arts, language or technology classes because of the limited budget available. Meanwhile, Rondout Elementary School, near Lake Forest, offers language programs such as Spanish in every grade including kindergarten. Most students use laptops in the class, and they can enjoy band and chorus classes. They can choose to study various art, drama and dance as well (Black 1). If poor children had the same opportunity as their counterparts, imagine the growth it could represent to them educational. If they enjoyed studying, they could move on to obtain higher education by attending to colleges, meaning better-paying jobs. Therefore, funds should be available for all people. Young minds deserve the opportunity to choose the programs that they want to study. They should be able to study art and any other subject, as they desire to, regardless of how much property tax their parents pay. In general, I believe that a good education is the foundation that can pave the way to a better quality of life. Aside from reducing poverty, preventing crimes is another reason that poorer schools should receive more funds. Crimes in lower income areas derive from being unable to sustain a decent living. These types of crimes can be directly connected to a lack of education and opportunity. Geoffrey Wodtke, a sociologist at the University of Michigan, mentions in his article that kids in poor neighborhood have less chance to graduate from high school (Wodtke 1). He also states: Poor neighborhoods are isolated and racially segregated, with none of the quality schools, day care, grocery stores, pharmacies, and parks that can help promote a child’s development and academic achievement; and they are disproportionately smoggy, crime-ridden and dilapidated. All of these factors, the researchers note, have been linked to poor performance in school, often culminating in dropouts. (1) Wodtke claims that poor neighborhoods affect school performance, and this can impact a child’s learning directly. Some children quit the schools because they have no interest in schooling. Dropping out is and having no high school diploma will limit a job opportunities. When they are not qualified for many jobs, they can’t escape the pitfalls of poverty. Therefore, some of them end up finding illegal ways to make money while others affiliate themselves with gangs (Wodtke 2). This is the reason why school is so important, because it is a good place to start children on equal footing educationally with the chance to better themselves in the future. However, schools in low-income areas still need more funds to afford having a variety of programs such as language, art and sports. Schools also need to be able to hire and retain qualified teachers. Moreover, every school should be able to afford sport programs, which is a good physical outlet for youthful energy and encourages good health and teamwork. Art programs should also be available because they provide an outlet to express creativity. A wider variety of activities and educational alternatives can create brighter and more promising futures if given the opportunities. These children can become doctors, football players or artists in the future as long as they get a fair amount of support from the beginning. It’s difficult to change the living environment in poorer neighborhoods, but we can start by improving the school system to reshape the future of that community. Some people think that pouring money into poor schools is wasteful. They believe the reason schools become poorly performing ones is because they are full of under-achieving students who lack interest in the curriculum. Even if some schools get more funds, it will not change anything. It’s like treating symptoms, but not starting at the root of the problem. They believe that the government should provide more funding to schools with higher achieving students who potentially will become successful contributing members of the community. In other words, the state government should invest in the right schools and students. However, I believe this thought to be completely wrong. People who believe this will never know the potential of students in lower-income schools unless they are given a fair and equal opportunity to succeed. If poorer schools receive more funding, they will be able to provide better facilities and a stronger variety in the curriculum. These factors would increase the chances that we see more students grow into productive and successful adults despite coming from lower class surroundings. When every school has the same resources and variety of programs available to their youths, political cartoons like this one will be a thing of the past because the educational system’s inequalities will no longer be a joke. We should call for action on the funding to reform poorer schools because education can help in reducing poverty and crimes in these neighborhoods. Although affluent parents who work harder and pay more property taxes might oppose an idea of distributed funding to poor schools, they should think about economic consequences. If a gap between rich schools and poor schools is still expanding, how can the children of today become responsible adults in the future? If this country is the land of freedom and opportunity for everyone, I should hope that schools would be the first place to start by giving equal opportunities to all children. Poorer schools should receive equal opportunities like those of the children in wealthier communities. Schools should be a sacred place where all children of any social standing are afforded the same opportunities of unlimited educational growth. The more we see children shine in their youth, the more likely they will rise up to become successful in the future and this will help strengthen the future of the United States’ socially and economically.

Impact of Texting on Language

Impact of Texting on Language The English language as you may know is evolving since the beginning, one read of Beowulf or The Canterbury Tales is enough to be reminded of how far removed we are from the language of our ancestors. Texting is the next step in evolution of English language so we should be cautious about it. There are two main arguments about text messaging. One is that text messaging is impacting the English language by impacting teenagers ability to write English using proper punctuation and spelling. The opposing position is, of course, that it does not impact English language and in some way might actually enhance it. Perhaps as we document and collect works of writers and leaders, texts will be abbreviation rich. Future generations would have to study and analyze those abbreviations to understand them. It is accurate to say that the use of texting impacts teenagers language skills which in turn can impact our English language. Language Skills: Some researchers have begun exploring how text messaging affects students language skills and surprisingly, they find a positive correlation. One study done by the professor Clare Wood at Coventry University in Britain found that 11-year-olds who used the most textism (texting language) were actually better at spelling and writing. A command of texting seems to indicate a broader facility for language, and these students seem to switch easily between text messaging and Standard English. Not only that, the study also showed that children who regularly texted showcased a richer vocabulary and gain creativity. She believes that its all misconceptions that text messages are all made up of abbreviated words (Wood, Plester Joshi, 2009). However, this is one of the misconceptions. Professor Clare Wood thinks that texting has a positive impact on teenagers language skills, but these seem a bit extreme. Some studies find this to be the opposite. Drew Cingle and S. Shyam Sundar conducted research at Penn State University. Both authors argued that the students who write in techspeak used shorthand phrases to compose a text message. They thought that writing in techspeak would prevent persons ability to go from techspeak to normal rules of grammar. Based on their data from over 500 students from middle school, they concluded that our data supports that there is a decline in grammar scores. Cingle gives reader personal example from his two younger nieces. He indicates that their text messages were incomprehensible and that he had ask them what they were trying to get out of that message. The message was incomprehensible because the use of shorthand phrases, he said (Cingle Sundar). I agree with Professor Clare on how texting develops creativity through the use of shortcuts. However, Clare Wood has to realize that teenagers are actually making their own language through texting and that language is different from English. Shortcuts used are not that easy to understand as Clare thinks. Even Cingle mentions that he couldnt read his nieces text. And not only that, Sundar and Cingles study proves that texting could also impact grammar. It is true that not everyone can be affected; some can even benefit from it. However, this is something that should be taken into considerations. Since more and more teenagers are starting to use shortcuts. Another research done by Joan Lee undermines Clare Woods research. Joan Lee did study to find the impact of texting on language skills. Based on her data, her results proved that the students who texted more were less likely to incorporate new vocabulary. Her results also proved that students who read newspaper or media were likely to gain more vocabulary. Our assumption about texting is that it encourages unconstrained language, Lee argues, but the study found this to be a myth. Lee argues that reading print media exposes people to variety and  creativity  in language that is not found in text messaging used among youth (Lee). Study done by professor Clare Wood provided some good evidence on vocabulary. I agree with her on how students can gain vocabulary by texting. However, the professor didnt realize that the vocabulary expands upon first using communication device due to some unique words used in texting. However, the vocabulary size levels off as the person knows most of the words that are unique to texting. After that, the person will use same group of vocabulary over and over again. If the Wood did his study many times then the result could have been the opposite. Since the teenagers vocabulary isnt expanding, this means that more words are going extinct and fewer words are being added to our language. Even Cingle and Joan Lees studies hold some limitations. Since the study was done on small population, the results are not generalizable. However, both researches lay the groundwork for future studies. One thing can be certain for sure and that is texting does impact students language skills to a small extent. Addiction: Texting language is no different from other innovative forms of written expression that have emerged in the past (Crystal).    Some linguists are optimistic about the use of texting. Despite doom-laden prophecies, texting has not been the disaster language many feared, argues linguistics Professor David Crystal. On the contrast, it improves childrens writing and spelling. In his book he mentions that students know when to switch from texting to writing an essay for class. He believes that text messages are not made up of abbreviated words (Crystals). Txting is an informative book that really explains the history of abbreviations and acronyms. David Crystal points out a lot of such abbreviations that we tend to take for granted. However, I disagree with some of his opinions that texting is really not a problem. He doesnt go into any detail about how obsessive people can get when it comes to texting. Dr. Greenfield, a psychologist and expert on technology addiction, mentions in his book Virtual Addiction that texting is a form of addiction. Every text is novel and changeable and it is this novelty and unpredictability that creates the pleasurable dopamine  [1]  hit that chemically locks in the reinforcement  [2]  . The fact that you cannot predict what and when you will get a desirable text creates addictive reinforcement experience, and it is this phenomenon that seems to help lock-in a compulsive pattern of text use. Therefore, addition leads to the decrease in performance (Greenfield). Again, the book Txing is mostly a critique on language and how it is affected by texting, but to think that texting is not problematic is a bit naive. David Crystal sees texting as whimsical and creative, but he must acknowledge the social and emotional implications as well. Addiction also plays role. Addiction leads to the downfall of language skills not just by limited use of texting but in order for texting to impact teenagers, teenagers have to text almost every day until it becomes their habit. Those abbreviations become their habit and teens will start using it everywhere, where its not needed. Those abbreviations are then slowly incorporated into their everyday language. It is hard to understand addiction unless you have experienced it (Hensley). The texting language is slowly pouring into English language. Language is evolving; however the consequences could be unpredictable. Caution should be taken regarding texting.What would you do if you opened up a book to see nothing but chat speak? Personally, I would be terrified. In response to this new generation of language, the latest update of the Oxford Dictionaries Online has published new additions of words, definitions and abbreviations consisting of the initial letters of expressions (made popular through their frequent use in text messaging, an other forms of technological communications such as in social-networking sites and emails) such as OMG and LOL. These new internet and text inspired expressions are now legitimately margining into our English language, which demonstrates how much texting has impact our language. And not only that, when I write essays, I often write r u instead of Are you. So the texting messaging is also impacting language skills. Everything boils d own to language. Every abbreviation that teenagers use is impacting our English language. Literature is likely to become as abbreviated as teenagers attention span. http://awilli10.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/net-lingo.jpg The arguments from both sides are very strong. Linguistic David Crystal argues very effectively to tell readers that texting does not affect language. However, his results were mostly based on interviews which are not reliable because since the interview questions tend to seek opinions. Instead research should be conducted to find the accurate results. Joan Lee and Sundar point out some interesting points regarding texting and language skills. Based on their results, one thing is certain for sure, and that is that text messaging has had an impact on Standard English and on peoples language skills, slight or great. It is the addiction that makes texting a habit for teenagers. Text speak will seem normal in 50 years time. Perhaps there will be a 21st-century edition of Shakespeares collected works featuring 2B/not 2B and the Oxford English Dictionary will define 2thless and 1derment.   Some students seem to have difficulties keeping the language of text messaging separate from t he Standard English, and whether Standard English will change as a result of this remains to be seen.

Evidence For And Against Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Evidence For And Against Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay Climate Change is a very controversial global issue which has committed supporters and detractors. Critically evaluate the evidence for and against climate change and provide your own assessment of the current and future risks that the planet faces by 2050. It is expected that you will give a broad view of your subject giving weight to policy, regulatory, economic and risk management impacts as well as health and environmental impacts. Use a case study to illustrate a key component of the climate change agenda. The worlds climate is changing and the consequences are serious, wide ranging and long-term. Despite the overwhelming scientific consensus that this is happening, the issue of climate change has its detractors, whose opposition to the phenomenon range from disagreeing about the extent of the problem, the extent of mans influence, to the accuracy of the modeling techniques. During the essay the evidence from both sides will be evaluated and the current and longer term economic, social, and environmental effects assessed. The definitions of climate change vary greatly, but the two most useful are the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) definition where broadly speaking climate change relates to a change in climate which is attributed, directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity, which is perhaps a more useful definition. Firstly before looking at the evidence for climate change it is useful to understand the global energy flow (radiative budget), which was first suggested by Kiehl and Trenbirth (1997), illustrated in picture 1 below: Picture 1 The incoming solar radiation, often labelled in percentage terms, must match the outgoing short and longwave radiation to achieve radiative equilibrium. Radiative forcing is the measure of the influence that a specific factor has in altering the balance of this incoming and outgoing energy, and is therefore a useful indication of the importance of that factor to change the climate. Positive forcing will generally mean that the surface of the earth is warmed, whilst negative forcing tends to cool the surface. The Kyoto protocol, adopted in December 1997 and entering into force in February 2005, committed all Annex1 countries (39 industrialised countries the EU) to a reduction in four greenhouse gases (Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide and Sulfur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases called hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (often found in refridgerants) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) (also in refridgerants but having a wide variety of medical and non-medical uses and according to Askam, Khalil et al. (2003) having a lifetime up to 50,000 years). Carbon dioxide is perhaps the most studied and well known of the anthropogenic GHGs. Since some infra-red radiation leaving the planet is absorbed by CO2, the greater the CO2 the greater the absorbtion and reflection of heat and the warmer the climate. Perhaps the most significant indicator of the increase in the level of CO2 in the last 50 years is shown in graph 1 below. This is the measurement of CO2 concentrations as measured in Hawaii, far from industrial areas so no localised bias is present, though these measurements have been replicated around the world (e.g. Pieter P. Tans and Thomas J. Conway 1968-2002) Monthly Atmospheric CO2 Mixing Ratios from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2002. NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, U.S.A.) Graph 1 Image created by Robert A. Rohde / www.globalwarmingart.com Similar measurements have been found in ice core samples, which enable us to get a much better picture over time. Graph 2 below shows the CO2 variations over time from the past 420,000 years. Graph 2 Image created by Robert A. Rohde / www.globalwarmingart.com This shows the CO2 levels fluctuating in line with the ice-ages, however, the most important section is the insert the marked increase since the industrial revolution from around 1750/1800. A clear indication of humans influence. More evidence is given in the IPCC 4th Annual Report Working Group summary that the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has increased from 280ppm (pre-industrial level) to 379ppm in 2005. In addition the annual CO2 concentration growth was larger during the last 10 years (1995-2005 : 1.9ppm per year) than it has been since the beginning of continuous direct atmospheric measurements (1960-2005 : 1.4 ppm per year). In a similar fashion the levels of Methane (from a pre-industrial level of 715ppb to 1732ppb in the early 1990s and 1774ppb in 2005) and Nitrous oxide (from pre-industrial levels of roughly 270ppb to 319ppb in 2005) have increased markedly over recent years. Looking at the radiative forcing discussed earlier the There are many different indications of how the climate has altered, and over several different timescales ranging from the most recent 150 years since 1860, since roughly the time of industrial revolution since 1750 and for the past 10-100 thousand years. Each of these will be looked at in turn. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change in its most recent report in 2007 stated: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. This is an advance since the TARs conclusion that most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. Discernible human influences now extend to other aspects of climate, including ocean warming, continental-average temperatures, temperature extremes and wind patterns The time series shows the combined global land and marine surface temperature record from 1850 to 2009. The year 2009 was the sixth warmest on record, exceeded by 1998, 2005, 2003, 2002, and 2004. This time series is being compiled jointly by the Climatic Research Unit and the UK Met. Office Hadley Centre. The record is being continually up-dated and improved (see Brohan et al., 2006). This paper includes a new and more thorough assessment of errors, recognizing that these differ on annual and decadal timescales. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities are most likely the underlying cause of warming in the 20th century. Brohan, P., J.J. Kennedy, I. Harris, S.F.B. Tett and P.D. Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. J. Geophysical Research 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548 http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/ Detractors In a debate that has become highly polarised the label climate sceptic is readily slapped on anybody who stands on the soapbox and contradicts Al Gore. In reality, the sceptic landscape is more varied, ranging from those scurrilously pursuing scientific truth to others with more obvious economic or political gains to play for. Richard Lindzen, an American atmospheric physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been one of the most vocal in expressing concerns over the validity of computer models used to predict future climate change. He argues that they may be over-predicting future warming due to a failure to properly account for the climate systems water vapour feedback. However he has also been an active contributor to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports. Gavin Schmidt, a climatologist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies commented that Lindzen agrees with about 90 per cent of what other climate scientists are saying, yet the last 10 per cent is sufficiently different to label him a contrarian. Stephen McIntyre, editor of sceptic blog ClimateAudit and former director of several state-owned Canadian mineral exploration companies, is known in the climate science community for his continual demands for raw data. McIntryre was behind an orchestrated campaign that led to 60 Freedom of Information requests being made to CRU scientists at the University of East Anglia in a single weekend in July. However, while potentially vexatious, McIntyre has made genuine scientific contributions, notably spotting a mistake in NASA data that led to the average US temperatures to be reduced about 0.15C for the period 2000-2006. Philip Stott, an emeritus professor of biogeography at the University of London (although not a published climate scientist), has publicly argued that the climate is too complex and chaotic a system to make long-term predictions on. None of these scientists are climate change deniers, but they question the certainty of the scientific consensus. Several Tory MPs have recently contradicted the Green Conservative line of the Cameron era. Peter Lilley, one of only three MPs to vote against the governments Climate Change Bill in October, has accused climatologists of an unconscious conspiracy in which a dogmatic determination to conform to a consensus driven by the incentive of public funding has made them happier to let the data fit the theory rather than the opposite. David Davis has also spoken out on what he describes as a ferocious determination to impose hair-shirt policies on the public. Taxes on holiday flights and noisy wind turbines are too high a price to pay, he suggests. Both MPs claim to be open to the possibility that man has significantly contributing to climate change, but both remain unconvinced by the evidence. Former Tory Chancellor Nigel Lawson, has also publicly stepped up his opposition to environmental policy, founding the think tank, the Global Warming Policy Foundation, complete with a board of fairly distinguished academics to provide scepticism with a respectable face. However, the think tank was this week accused by scientists of appearing to misrepresent scientific data on its website. At the far end of the spectrum, figures such as Sarah Palin appear to be happy to disregard scientific evidence wholesale in favour of economic gain. Despite substantial differences in outlook, bundled together under the sceptic brand, the views of these individuals appear to be increasingly gaining favour with the public in the lead up to Copenhagen. PLAN For climate change Against climate change Case study Assessment of current risks Assessment of future risks to 2050

Threads Of Life :: essays research papers

Thread of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book covers the patterns of evolution and how each species and time era had an effect on Earth’s history. It covers the world from the beginning to the present times telling us all that has happened in between.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book begins by introducing us to geology and how it is used in telling time and finding fossils. The Grand Canyon is a good place to begin because it is the worlds greatest geological gash. Sediment was deposited here layer upon layer and eventually the layers were cut through by the Colorado River. The time covered by the layers of rock in the Grand Canyon represent about two billion years of earths history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next chapter introduces to us how life began. Many scientists believe that life began as soon as the earth cooled sufficiently after just forming. It is believed that the first life on earth emerged some four billion years ago. The author goes on to say that the beginning of life can be organized into five stages: first, the earth forms from materials in our solar system; second, chemicals such as sugars, phosphates, and amino acids are formed; third, these building blocks link together to form nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; fourth, these turn into proto-organisms; and last, these organisms gain the ability to replicate. This explains how life begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon the organisms of the water begin to evolve legs and lungs and start to venture out of the water onto the land. This brings about the era of the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs ruled the earth for about 185 million years and then their populations began to decline. About 65 million years ago there is evidence that an asteroid struck the earth and caused the extinction of many species of marine plankton. The last of the dying dinosaur population may have died out before this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the dinosaurs died off, then came the reign of the mammals. Mammals were more equipped for survival because of more intelligence and the development of a lower jaw comprised of one bone. Upper and lower molars helped mammals survive better. Mammals would also stay with there young and nurture them until they were able to fend for themselves. Mammals were able to survive a very long time and are still evolving in present times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the present, there is evidence that our human ancestors walked erect some 3.75 million years ago.

Privacy in Banking Industry :: essays research papers

How much do trust your bank or other institutions that have access to your financial and personal information? It may be time that all Canadians ask themselves this important question. This is a major issue in today’s world. We are living in the Information Age, and with all the technological advances we experience daily, having access to any kind of information is literally at yours and everybody else’s fingertips. This paper will focus on one of the most significant issues in the news recently that have sparked national interest, which is the issue of Privacy Laws in Canada, specifically within the Banking industry. Privacy issues have taken centre stage in Canada in recent weeks with the public's attention focused on the major privacy breach at the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. As of February 4, 2005, CIBC is now facing a $9 million class action lawsuit from customers whose confidential RRSP and other personal and financial information was made public. A Toronto law firm has filed the suit in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, after revelations that CIBC had been faxing thousands of their client confidential personal information to unauthorized third-parties and individuals, including a now-famous junkyard in West Virginia. The suit alleges CIBC sent client and other applications over unsecured fax lines to the junkyard between 2002 and 2004 . The documents contained highly personal information including names, addresses, phone numbers, social insurance numbers, bank accounts, GIC numbers and amounts, as well as client credit information. One of people that received this information w as a businessman from West Virginia. Over the past two years, he identified more than 350 Canadian phone numbers that have sent faxes to his fax machine, all of which he believes are CIBC branches. He claims he advised the CIBC of the problem several times, but the faxes continued to come . These CIBC clients entrusted the bank with their sensitive personal information in order to feel secure and to obtain the peace of mind that their financial affairs were protected by a well respected Canadian Bank. The financial information dealt particularly with RRSP plans and other investments which the clients rely on and save for in their retirement years. Rather than bringing them peace of mind that their financial affairs were protected, thousands of people now find that their sensitive information has carelessly been disclosed to unauthorized third-parties and possibly many other random unauthorized civilians.

Formation of Asean Essay

The formation of ASEAN was mainly driven by the desire to improve on diplomatic relations between Southeast Asian nations so that they could focus more on nation building efforts. The 1960s was the decade of tumult, where Southeast Asian nations faced various external tensions and conflicts from one another. During then, it was of utmost importance for SEA nations to improve multilateral diplomatic relations so as to promote peace in the region. This peace would refer to ensuring political stability and diminishing animosity among SEA nations so as to allow them to build their nations collective as a whole. Should the territorial disputes and racial tensions between SEA nations escalate to armed conflict between SEA nations, it could greatly affect SEA nation building. There were a few key events which highlighted this fear. Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation during 1962–1966 expressed Indonesia’s political and armed opposition to the creation of Malaysia. In 1963, President Sukarno ordered Indonesian paratroopers to instigate a military attack on Malaysia and to initiate acts of sabotage in Singapore. This situation and events subsequently strained ties between the two nations. To make matters worse, Malaysia’s relationship with Philippines were soured due to dispute ownership over Sabah. These SEA countries had to deal with conflicts with its neighbours while tending to their own domestic problems. Indonesia, embroiled in conflict with Malaysia, suffered internal discontent due to Sukarno’s mismanagement of the economy and the implementation of guided democracy. As SEA nations wanted to concentrate fully on nation building efforts, they first had to settle regional disputes so as to be able to allocate time and resources for domestic improvement. Thus, ASEAN was set up by the desire to improve diplomatic relations. Although the main impetus for the formation of ASEAN was political in nature, economic cooperation was also high on the agenda of the organisation. The economies of the SEA nations were still developing in the 1960s and were largely dependant on their foreign colonel masters. As such, the SEA nations wanted to form ASEAN so as to promote regional trade and economic links. In this way, they can cut dependence from western countries but instead tap on resources from within. In the 1960s, intra-regional trade was a mere 12% to 15%. With the formation of ASEAN, economic cooperation blossomed as new agreements were signed. These include the ASEAN Free Trade Area, whose objective is to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a single production unit. It was a way to help boost the burgeoning industries of SEA. It is important to develop the economy of these young SEA nations as it ensures peace, progress and prosperity in a nation. Thus, one of the other reasons for the formation of ASEAN was to promote economic development. However, although the formation of ASEAN was spurred by various reasons, the desire to improve diplomatic relations among the countries proved to be the greatest motivation source. Strong diplomatic relations and trust among SEA nations will allow countries to develop their society and economy. If no trust exists between countries, there can be hardly any economic activity as countries would be skeptical of each other. Thus improving diplomatic relations would be more important than promoting economic activity. Bibliography www. wikipedia. org www. worldscibooks. com/eastasianstudies/4689. html

Impacts of Alcoholism on Family Welfare Essay

CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 doorway 1. 1 Introduction This chapter contains the background of the bother, direction of the problem, mathematical function of the account, objectives of the workplace, look for questions, skilfulification of the interior(a), limitations of the pick up, the background knowledge of the reading and the conceptual framework. 1. 2 background knowledge to the fuss S hithertoty portion of Kenyan families argon bear upon by potomania (Simiyu, 2006). Man has, over sequence, thusly get it on to acknowledge the f cultivate that inebriety is thence destructive to the human race.This explains the reason as to why numerous studies adjudge been conducted and or so be still underway in relations to mixed beas w present inebriantism is indeed a major(ip) threat. It is however authorized to n peerless that or so of these studies be primarily cente ruby-red on the intoxi droptic drinkic drinkic. boozing is a term that has m whatsoever and b oth(prenominal)times remote explanations. In current and historic usage, crapulence refers to a condition that leaves from rund enjoywork forcet of inebriantic beverage despite the mixer and aesculapian exam examination intrusions that ar raised by the vice. intoxi cea restoreism in any example referred to, in the societyteenth speed of infirm and digressly in the twentieth century, as dipsomania, whitethorn overly refer to pre-occupation with or compulsion towards the pulmonary tuberculosis of inebriantic drink and/or impaired ability to recognize the detrimental impacts of excessive intoxicantic beverage consumption. The Macmillan vocabulary (2002) defines the pronounce insobriety as a medical condition that makes it difficult to control the add together of alcoholic beverage you drink. 1. 2.0 inebriantism The mental lexicon definition of drink is, a perturb characterized by the excessive consumption of and dep over interchangeance on pelter be verages legislateing to tangible and physiological harm and impaired fountainhead-disposed and vocational functionality. The Mayo Foundation for medical Education and look for defines insobriety as 1 a laymans term for alcohol dependence and ab subr come onine. The medical encyclopedia defines drink as a popular term for two unhinges, alcohol ab development up and alcohol dependent.The definition of potomania choose for this study was a rowdiness that withdraws big term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive and excessive subprogram of alcoholic beverages that impairs the drinkers wellnessfulness and social relations. In this study potomania was characterized by frequent drinking, drinking phoebe bird or such(prenominal) than than than days in a week.1. 2. 1 Family Welf ar The Macmillan vocabulary (2002) defines a family as a assort of sight who croak together and argon e rattling last(predicate) related to wholeness an opposite, unremarkably consisti ng of p arnts and kidren. It too defines social welf be as the health and happiness of concourse. The definition of family welfare adopted in this study encompassed forcible and mental health, finances, employment, social life and familys Velleman, (as cited at www.alcoholandfamilies. org).Family welfare was characterized by miserliness, health and safety, licit proceeding, married couple stability, responsibilities, and coitus interruptus. The Macmillan dictionary (2002) defines economy as the thorough use of money, products or time that very little is wasted. Family economy in this study was characterized by the amount of money spend on alcohol, investment ventures and savings in respect to unhomogeneous(prenominal)s income. The dictionary definition of health is the condition of your soundbox detailly whether or non you are ill. safeguard on the separate reach come forth refers to the fact that a thing is safe.For in flow of this study health and safety was characterized by instances of alcohol related illness or infirmitys, domestic madness both on women and children attri hardlyable to alcohol, accidents or any other act do which expresent the individual to harm as a impression of the influence of alcohol on the some torso ( dry) or on the family, and psychological state. 2 Responsibility is defined by the Macmillan dictionary (2002), as a state of world in charge of soulfulness or something and of making sure that they do or what happens to them is right or satisfactory.In the study responsibility was characterized by instances of family use of goods and servicess of individuals (for example gainful school fees by the parents), good somatogenic and psychological availability for the family, work problems referable to alcohol and its consequent controvert impacts ( inebriation). sum stability is a postal service where wedding party nooky raise up beyond the challenges which depose lead to its travel-up (Akem, 2 009). For purpose of this study conglutination ceremony stability was characterized by instances of divorce, separation, quarrels and disagreements. coitus interruptus is to no longer take part in something or stop someone from taking part (Macmillan 2002). The definition of insularism adopted for this study was assistanceing the psyche to get rid of his/her body dark alcohol as well as the harmful physical personal effects of alcohol, Schuckit & mace, (as cited at www. answers. com) sezession in this study was characterized by attempted instances to stop alcohol consumption by either the individual or tertiary party efforts and the respective challenges be by the same. 1. 2.2 alcoholic beverageism Unmasked Up-to 50 part of murders gets alcohol, and trio or more flock die in Britain collectible to alcohol (Holden, 1996). Approximately fourteen meg people in the weded States of the States are alcoholics, alcohol being the troika leading killer in the joined States, killing twenty thousand people and injuring 1. 5 million due to sot drivers, Drink, (as cited in Katherine, 2009). Drink similarly inform that 65 share of the aggressive attacks against women involve use of alcohol by the wrongdoer with more than 60 per centum of the homicides involving the use of alcohol by either the wrongdoer or the dupe. correspond to Kenya Medical look Institute (KEMRI) alcohol subvert affects 70 per centum of families in Kenya. 3 In November 2001, over 140 people died and lots of others disoriented their sight later on consume an come outlaw(prenominal) laced drink. In June 2005 illegal brew laced with industrial alcohol ca utilise the deaths of 49 people and more than 174 people were hospitalized later drinking the home make Kwona-Mbee, literally adopt the way frontward, brew containing methanol a nephrotoxic wood alcohol added to the concoction to practice it more kick (Simiyu, 2006). gibe to a study carried out by WHO (2004) involving 188 patients evaluated after take vehicle crashes in all hospitals located in Eldoret found out that 23. 4 percent were transmission line alcohol concentration (BAC) positive and 12. 2 percent were intoxicated. This look work indicates the impacts of dipsomania on health and safety of the alcoholic, altogether when they overlook to mention the impacts of this disorder in the family move. Holden (1996), states that alcohol does no good for the economy, representing the British industry 1. 7 British one million million million pounds.thither thus existed demand to draw a piddle link among family economy and drunkenness. closely a third gear of alcoholics recover whether they are in interposition program or not, Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). Studies from the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism (NIAAA) in unite States of the States indicate that of all drugs, drug climb-down from alcohol differs some chief(prenominal)ly. This is so because i t can be promptly fatal, with an alcoholic having no effective situations having a significant bump of anxious(p) from the direct effect of insularism if not managed properly.This established the need to investigate how detachment as an aspect of family welfare is change by alcoholism. One in triplet divorces is due to behavioral problems linked to drinking (Holden, 1996). In Kenya, around domestic misunderstandings are attributed to alcohol, (Simiyu, 2006). The study, therefore desire to find out the impact of alcohol on marriage stability. 4 1. 3 Statement of the Problem Research has shown that alcohol indeed has major impacts on the life of its victims. Indeed no man is an island hence an alcoholic does not live in isolation.It is therefore judge that whereas alcohol is not good for the d sinkkard, it is besides not good for the family of the drinker. It robs them the morally effective person that they looked up to. What might be the assorted aspects of the family that might be change by having an alcoholic in the family? tally to Cork, (as cited at www. alcoholandfamilies. org), researchers have practically shown practically concern for the alcoholic, spell overlooking his/her family. in that respect was therefore need to determine the various aspects of the family that were affected by having an alcoholic in the family.1. 4 Purpose of the chew over The purpose of the study was to investigate and establish the genius of kind that existed amid alcoholism and various aspects of family welfare of reforming alcoholics in Suneka division, using upshot study research design with a view of get downing to the light the intensity level of alcoholism in our society. intoxicantism was characterised by frequent drinking, drinking five or more days per week. Family welfare was characterised by family health and safety, family economy, responsibility, marriage stability, instances of legal proceedings and disengagement.1. 5 Research Objecti ves The research sought to establish the impacts of alcoholism on family welfare by specifically finding out 1. The challenges posed by the prejudicious impacts of alcoholism on family economy. 2. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on marriage stability. 3. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family health and safety. 5 4. Problems associated with withdrawal from alcoholism. 5. The impacts and absolute absolute frequence of alcoholism influence on legal proceedings perpetrated against alcoholics within the family.6. The link between alcoholism and neglect of responsibilities. 1. 6 Research Questions In order to establish the gracious of relationship that existed between alcoholism and family welfare, the research was guided by the following research questions 1. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family economy? 2. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on marriage stability? 3. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family health and safety? 4.What are the problems associated with withdrawal from alcoholism? 5. What is the impact and frequency of alcoholism on legal proceedings perpetrated against alcoholics within the family? 6. What is the link between alcoholism and neglect of responsibilities? 1. 7 Significance of the Study The findings of the research sought to attend 1. state of affairs out the impact of alcoholism in the topical anesthetic context which impart act as an optic opener to the stakeholders have-to doe with for instance the Ministry of wellness, Human rights activists and the entire nongovernmental organization community to see the need to help the affected parties. 2.Occasion, as a result, put up of appropriate programs to help check over the menace caused by alcoholism, for instance setting up a rehabilitation centre. 3. Alcoholics see the need to stop taking alcohol, having comple te the pain they inflict on their families. 6 1. 8 Limitations of the Study The study was ground on a sample size of it of 30 respondents drawn from an accessible universe which consists of individuals from Suneka community in Kisii south district. owe to scarcity of resources, precautions should therefore be taken small-arm generalizing findings of this research to other local anaestheticities.This may be majorly due to environmental and social factors that may factor in to subvert the findings. 1. 9 The Scope of the Study The study primarily focused on the impact of alcoholism on family welfare, a case study of Suneka division, Kisii south district, Nyanza province in Kenya. The study was based on a sample of 30 respondents and was conducted between the months of February and action 2009. 7 1. 10 Conceptual textile tipsiness FAMILY WELFARE FAMILY HEALTH AND gumshoe MARRIAGE STABILITY FAMILY ECONOMY ALCOHOLISM RESPONSIBILITY WITHDRAWAL LEGAL IMPLICATIONS Fig.1. 0 A concep tual framework on the relationship between alcoholism and family welfare. The study sought to find out the relationship that existed between alcoholism and components of family welfare viz. family health and safety, marriage stability, family economy, withdrawal, and the legal implications. 8 CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Literature redirect examination 2. 1 Introduction This chapter contains past studies in relation to alcohol and alcoholism. It has also racylighted the diachronic background.It particularly focuses on the impacts of alcoholism on the economy, health and safety, legal implications, marriage stability, withdrawal and responsibilities which were the towers of this study right from the global, Continental and local evidence of view. It also contains the critical come dark and the summary. 2. 2 Past Studies This section will shade light on the historical background of alcoholism, researched impacts, and the global, continental and local implications here in Kenya. 2. 2. 0 Hi storical terra firma The expression alcoholism was first introduced by a Swedish physician Magnus Huss (1849) to hatch poisoning by alcohol.It was later mentioned in France by M. Gabriel (1866) in his medical dissertation. This label the evolution of the word alcoholism (as cited at www. asnwers. com/library/psychoanalysisdictionary). The most rigorous definition of an alcoholic (a person suffering from alcoholism) is the one provide by Pierre Fouquet, An Alcoholic is any man or fair depend upon who has lost the ability to do without alcohol. The end product of alcohol dates back, to around 1400-1600 BC (Before Christ), in the Munainus region between b deprivation and Caspian seas. commercial-grade deed of alcohol was well underway by 1500 BC, Court Wright, (as cited at www. asnwers. com/library). Alcohol is probably the oldest drug known to humanity. It was balmy for the primitive people to discover that fruits and juices left to stand in warm places advantageously ferm ented to form alcoholic salmagundis. Alcohol production is principally founded on yeast cells, which in presence of warmth and 9 water continue to grow by using up the sugar until the sugar is accurate or alcohol content kills them.Alcohol is a deadenedly poison and in high enough quantities, it kills all hold things including the yeast cells that produce it, Weil & Rosen, (as cited at www. alcoholicsanonymous. org) It was initially believed (Sigmund Freud, Karl Abraham, Sandor Ferenczi) that alcohol does not create symptoms but only promotes them, removing inhibitions and destroying sublimation (Descombey, 2002). The theory of alcoholism (1905d) is summarized in terms of predominance among men, beginning at the onset of puberty, Sigmund, (as cited at www. answers. com/ library).Magnus the Swedish professor of medicine distinguishes between two types of alcoholism that is, Acute alcoholism, which is due to temporary effects of alcohol taken within a succinct period of time- drunkenness and intoxication Chronic alcoholism, which is a condition caused by habitual use of alcoholic beverages in poisonous amounts over a long period of time. Prior to the nineteenth century, alcoholism was seen as a moral impuissance or criminal, rather than an illness. The new, Disease progression to alcoholism was started in the States perpetrated by the, Alcoholism movement. It consisted of Alcoholics Anonymous (A self help aggroup, setup in 1935), subject consecratetee for Education on alcoholism (later The matter Council on Alcoholism) and the YALE, centre for alcohol studies. The, Alcoholism movement Quickly spread to Britain and later to the rest of the foundation (Heather & Robertson, 1997). According to WHO (2004) In Africa, for instance, alcohol related beverages are very predominant among ethnic groups branded in different names passed from one propagation to another.Among the plebeian alcoholic beverages are Changaa-Which is common among Samburu pastora lists living in northern Kenya and the square of Kenya at medium-large. In fact the word seems to have gained a national good luck charm in Kenya along with Busaa which are often used in Kisii among 10 the Gusii community. Others allow Palm wine (common along the Kenyan coast), banana tree beer (made from a fermented mixture of banana and sorghum flour) and Muratina (made from sugarcane and Muratina fruit-a fruit enceinte in Kenya).Among the Gusii community, the common alcoholic beverages used from times immemorial take on Changaa and Busaa. Changaa is a distilled product resulting from process millet, maize or sorghum alongside molasses the mixture of which has been fermented for a number of days, for instance a week. The fermented malted millet, maize or sorghum mixture in its crude state (nondistilled) produces Busaa. 2. 2. 1 Global Impact 2. 2. 1. 0 Health Alcohol has raised major upkeep on the international ground in the first place due to its negative impacts in the s ociety. transcend the list is the link between alcohol and its impact on health. It is grand to crinkle that alcohol on its own can cause a medical disorder known as alcoholism which was the pillar stone of this study. Studies indicate that alcoholism can arise in a ancestral disorder which can be transferred to the outcome of the victim just like any other genetic disorders. It is estimated that 60 percent of those who buzz off alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it, Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005).Hamgin and others (1999) also reported that there is a high frequency of alcoholics in first horizontal surface relatives of alcoholics. Research has shown that alcohol indemnification various organs in our bodies resulting to chronic diseases. nearly of these organs acknowledge 1. The Liver prodigal consumption of alcohol results to liver-colored cirrhosis of the liver and liver hepatitis. Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver while liver c irrhosis is a liver ailment that interferes with the livers prescript structure and function. Both diseases can be fatal 11 2.Blood unreasonable consumption of alcohol interferes with both the structure and function of blood. High quantities of alcohol damages red blood cells making them to compose ab radiation diagramly large as well as the destruction of white blood cells which results to low immunity whereas damaging of red blood cells may lead to crabmeat in extremities (NIAAA). The NIAAA in the United States of America suggests that a connection exists between sedate alcohol consumption and increased crabby person risk. In fact 3. 56 percent cancer cases all over the world are related to alcohol drinking resulting to 3.5 percent of all cancer deaths. 3. Heart and circulatory system Alcohol drinking affects these body systems causing frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) disease as flavour attacks, gibe (which arises when a blood clot from the heart enters the circulat ory system into the brain obturate blood circulation in the brain) Alcohol is also not good for pregnant women for it can lead to various sustain disorders much(prenominal) as, Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). These are permanent birth defects on off-springs of women who consume material alcohol during pregnancy (NIAAA).Other health implications include Sexual dysfunction and epilepsy and in extremities even causing death directly. Despite the numerous researches on the implications of alcohol on health, not much has been done on the frequency of much(prenominal) health implications on families affected by alcoholism. However, for an alcoholic it is important to place, perchance not for his/her sake but for the childrens sake, that if they continue the path to alcoholism they are putting their children at the exposure to this disorder since comprehensive studies have shown that children of alcoholics show a three-to-four times risk of devel oping the disorder. new-fangled studies have proved that alcoholism is 40 to 60 percent attributed to genes, sledding 40 to 50 percent on environmental influences, Schuckit Anthenelle Schuckit, (as cited in Schonbeck, 2004). Alcohol is not also good for the brain causing psychological harm in the long run with instances such 12 as feeling and anxiety with as many as 25 percent of alcoholics presenting severe psychiatrical disturbances. Alcohol effect reveals an overall gloomful brain activity (Revolution health, 2007). 2. 2. 1. 1 Safety Alcoholism has also raised eye blows in relation to its influence on safety in the society.Top on this list is road accidents. Indeed in most accidents grossly impaired apprehension cut reflex activity and reduced visual perception all typify their part. In the United States 41 percent of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related. On average, alcohol related motor vehicle accidents occur after every(prenominal) 30 minutes injuring 500,000 Ame ricans yearly with 30 percent of all Americans involved in such accidents at one time during their life time while 50 percent of such trauma cases end up dead, (www. niaaa. nih. gov).According to Santrock (2005), 60 percent of homicides involve use of alcohol by either the offender or victim and 20 percent of suicide cases involve use of alcohol by the victim, with 65 percent of aggressive instances against women involving the use of alcohol by the offender. Santrock also reports that alcohol increases instances of hostility to be precise alcoholics are more easily provoked when drunk than when they are sober to unleash harsh words, throw a punch or elicit a trigger of a gun, Dougherty, Benelt & others Fale-Steward, halcyon & Schumacher, (as cited in Santrock, 2005).According to Seto & Barbaree (as cited in Santrock, 2005), it is inauspicious that the people who are already accustomed to aggression are also the ones who are likely to drink and then become violent when they beco me intoxicated volume under the influence of alcohol, almost commit half of the rapes and other violent crimes, Abbey, Ross& McDuffie Abbey & others, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). All these comprehensive research focuses on the impacts of alcoholism on the alcoholics safety but fails to shade light on the suffering which the family has to undergo as 13 a result.Equally most of these research findings do not bring out transcendly the frequency of such hazards among families of alcoholics. 2. 2. 1. 2 Marriage Stability It is estimated that more than 40 percent of separated or divorced women were married to or live with a problem drinker with more than three fourths of non-fatal fe masculine victims of domestic furiousness having reported that the assailant had been drinking (www. alcohlics-info. com). According to Holden (1996) one in every three divorces are attributed to alcohol drinking.It is clear while alcohol seems to be a clear threat to stability in marriages it is unclear, on where exactly it impairs on marriage stability. 2. 2. 1. 3 Responsibility It is estimated that a bulk of 10 percent work force in the United Kingdom have problems due to alcohol (Holden, 1996). According to Velleman, alcohol affects the lumber of parenting, although the aspects of quality of parenting are not well defined (as cited at www. alcoholandfamilies. org).At the superlative of alcoholism the alcoholic manifests an utter inattention to everything, including shelter, family, food, and job. These occasional flights into oblivion are beaver described, ironically, as, Drinking to get away from the problems caused by drinking (www. alcoholics-info. com). These studies indicate a clear link between alcoholism and the role it plays in the execution of responsibilities at large but fails to pin-point the particular impact of alcoholism on family responsibilities and the frequency of the items mentioned above in a family setting.Santrock (2005), acknowledges the fact that bin ge drinking, unremarkably associated with high BAC, to be associated with class absences, physical injuries, trouble with police and unprotected sex all instances of neglect of responsibilities by children (college students) who are a unit of the family. 14 2. 2. 1. 4 Legal Implications There are at least fifty thousand acknowledge alcoholics in Victoria-Australia, with one-hundred thousand drunk and bare-knuckled convictions each year (Wright, 1991). Drinking at inappropriate times can lead to legal proceedings such as Drinking and driving, beyond the legal set limits, or public disorder.According to NIAAA (1997) xl percent of assaults are alcohol related. About 3/4 of all prisoners in 1997 were involved in alcohol or drug abuse in some way leading to their current offense (United States Department of Justice Statistics, 1997). From research already conducted there seems to be a link between alcohol and crime but on the other side no studies exists on the frequency of legal sit uations encountered by alcoholics in a family setting or their families or challenges faced by such families when faced by such occurrences. 2. 2. 1.5 Withdrawal Unlike withdrawal from other drugs, withdrawal from alcohol differs most significantly from other drugs, since it can be directly fatal (NIAAA, 1997). For example it is extremely obsolescent for diacetylmorphine or cocaine withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have sound underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic however, who has no good health, issues has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed.When alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the persons nervous system suffers from great brain imbalances. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life lumbering seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure. During withdraw al especially acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after 1 3 weeks. Less severe symptoms (e. g. insomnia and anxiety) may continue as part of a ring mail withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with fasting for a year or more.Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to blast tolerance and restore 15 functions towards normal body functioning. It is evident that from completed research the habitual user experiences hangover (a confederacy of head ache, nausea, fatigue and depression) a situation which may be very challenging. According to Hamigan & others, (as cited in Thom, 2009) one in nine individuals who drink continue the path to alcoholism.However, check to Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005) by the age of 65 a third of alcoholics are dead or in terrible plaster bandage a third is still try to bear addiction and a third is abstinent or drinking only socially. Vallant found the factors leading to successful withd rawal to be predicted by 1. Having a voiceless negative experience with alcohol, for instance serious medical emergency 2. Finding a substitute depends, for instance meditation, exercise or overeating (which also has serious medical implications) 3. Developing a positive relationship such as a lovingness employer or a new marriage 4.Joining a support group such as Alcoholics anonymous (AA). Vallant acknowledges that more than 18 million patients currently need alcohol interposition and only one fourth ever get treatment for a number of reasons such as lack of availability of such facilities lack of adequate space, limited funding or because drinkers object to the treatment. These studies clearly depict the challenges lining withdrawal from the medical stand point. However, it is important to note that not much has been done on the impacts of withdrawal on the family set-up. 2. 2. 1. 6 Economy Alcohol also does no good for the economy.In 1989 it cost British industry 1. 7 one th ousand million United Kingdom pounds (Holden, 1996). According to a late special report prepared for United States Congress by NIAAA, the impact of alcohol on society including violence, traffic accidents, lost work productivity and premature deaths, cost America in aggregate an estimated 188 billion United States dollars 16 annually. However, not much has been done on the impacts of alcohol on family economy and personal financial vigilance and stability as separate from National or Global economic impacts. 2. 3 Continental Impact The continent Africa is characterized by poverty and unemployment.Extensive research has shown that these factors are a contributory to the start of alcohol intake and consequently alcoholism. African countries have high reported cases of domestic violence which are largely attributed to consumption of alcohol. Since most of the drinking population is poor and they cant afford expensive and posh commercial brands, they have opted for the cheap non-hygi enical local brews. The drinking population also spends most of their finances on alcohol leaving their families financially unstable hence their family economy is in a terrible state. inordinate alcohol consumption also causes serious negative effect on cornucopia in both men and women diminish testicular and ovarian size, interfering with sperm cellatozoan and egg production and viability, disrupting menstrual cycles, and cut down libido. When pregnancy is achieved reduced quality of sperm and egg may significantly and for good affect the quality of life, pre and post-natal, of the child. A child born to an alcohol using adult female has a great risk of being born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes characteristic cranial and facial defects, including a littler head size, shortening of the eyelids, and a bring down brain capability.Developmental disabilities, heart defects, and behavioral problems are also more likely. There has been an outcry among women from Mombas a, a town in the Kenyan coast, that alcohol intake among their men folk is making them incapable of do their conjugal duties. Alcohol consumption has also caused numerous health hazards within the continental standing similar to what is being go through globally. Among such diseases common in Africa include liver disease, physical injuries due to short 17term effects of alcohol leave alone the psychological ailments that the family of the alcoholic has to go through (Asenjo, 2009). It is however important to note that contradictory in westmostern sandwich countries, in Africa alcohol is more silent to the male population. Women who drink are seen as a social vice associated with harlotry and immorality hence, as such alcohol has gained much prevalence among men and as such most alcoholics are men. It is ironical that since times immemorial women have incessantly prepared the brew, but they give it to their male counterparts for consumption.Alcoholism also increases instances of marriage break down due to such factors as domestic violence, neglect of responsibility (a major problem) and the psychological impacts involved mostly among the women tell apart and the children of the alcoholic husband cum father. However, unlike in the developed countries where there exists, in abundance, institutions dedicated to aid alcoholics shake off their habits, such facilities are very idealistic in the black continent.These can be attributed to the fact that in most communities, alcohol consumption is regarded as a traditional artifact and as the saying goes, Mwacha mila ni mtumwa (A Swahili proverb which translates into, He who abandons tradition is a foreigner. Also this can be cited as a reason mainly responsible for low instances of withdrawal in the continent. Withdrawal, if any, is due to ones own efforts or in some instances pressure from a particular class in the community for instance, perform or ones own family.It is, however, important to note that despi te the naked impacts (negative) caused by alcohol all over the continent, not much has been done to better understand the problem from a continental stand point and whatever presumptions that exists about alcoholism, are just mere generalizations, in that case, of what happens in the west to be applicable in Africa as well, which might not always be the case owing to the so unmistakable cultural and social difference 18 2. 4 Local Impact The withering effects of alcohol and drugs on boylike people can be matt-up bare today.Experts have sounded alarming bells after two studies revealed that school children as one-year-old as eleven are move prey to alcohol.Research at the African Mental Health foundation says that in the last four years the use of alcohol and other drugs among young people has increased by a astonishing 71 percent. In Kenya, unrecorded alcohol consumption is estimated to be 5. 0 litres of handsome alcohol per capita for population older than 15 years for the y ears after 1995, estimated by a group of key alcohol experts (WHO, 2004). A 1997 to 1998 survey sponsored by the economic ad Social Research council and The British Institute